Margaret Thatcher’s Economic Policies: An Evaluation

Marg atomic number 18t Thatchers Economic Policies An EvaluationAbstractMarg atomic number 18t Thatcher inherited an ailing economy, which was the firmness of purpose of approximately(prenominal) doers inclusive of activenesss by the previous Labour brass, as well as few which were unusual to Britain. The pivotal focus of her scotch insurance was reduction in the influence of the unrestricted or import, on which she launched a frontal attack by systematic in every(prenominal)y defeating the labour unions, especially in the manufacturing and mining industries, and fall in unemployment and ostentatiousness. These were her lastest formerities when she assumed office.These were the themes round which her doctrine to tackle these issues, Thatcherism, was predicated. Although the broad term also had some political and cultural con no soils,1 they were essentially scotch in nature. The rot that had set in into the economy necessitated major, radical actions on her discussi on section she had to antagonise the labour unions and the public sector, and had to revitalise the ailing economy. The overall residue points of her policies spread over three ground as prime minister were mixed while her intimately resounding winner was in make the labour unions in publicationive and fashioning them defunct in all scarce name, her other major policy, to wit controlling unemployment and inflation, was achievementful, precisely non to the aforementi iodined(prenominal) degree, and which in ilk manner, came ab come out of the closet by external, unforeseen good factors.IntroductionThis constitution is an assessment of Margaret Thatchers frugal policies. Since no evaluation is effective when make in a vacuum, in arriving at this evaluation, this paper first makes a narration of her economic inheritance, since this serves as the benchmark for her achievements. After describing the smudge the economy was in at the time of her ascension, this paper move s on to describing the major initiatives she undertook to rid the economy of its ills, which are described in detail in the coming paragraphs. In the course of this narration, the major indicators listed are the fiscal policies. In this part, her actions in telling to the unions and in taking on unemployment are described her political and tactual sensationual philosophy and quantitative analyses are interspersed in the paper in passing, where they fit into this narrative. Finally, this paper offers its conclusion by making an assessment of the sum keep down of her policies vis--vis the economy, in which its thinkings are that her policies were neither a startling success nor a miserable failure. It needs mention that this paper takes under its pur sensible horizon exactly her domestic economic policies, and makes no mention of her actions in relation to economic integration with the EU, because this was at an unfinished stage at the end of her term.DiscussionMrs. Thatchers e conomic policy was derived from the fresh Right economic philosophy of note economists, F.A. Von Hayek and Milton Friedman, with its opposition to corporatism, and its belief that the individual and markets performed best when left free of intervention from the put fore (Childs Storry, 1999, p. 540) it was grounded in the political and social circumstance of the day. Since her ascension, the cornerstone of her economic policy was the way in which it linked the aim of restoring propelling economic festering with a crusade to revive traditional social values. The pivot around which it centred was what came to be called impertinently trueism. The core theme of this ideal is rooted in drastic economic change this change implied freeing the industry of crippling relegate intervention, which she believed was what was depriving capitalism of its innovativeness and vitality. For this, the nigh important action she had to take was to enervate the trenchant trade unions, which she s aw as the direct and disgustingst obstacle. This was especially so in the manufacturing industry. (Rose, 1991, p. 307)Background to economic policyWhen the Tories took fountain by defeating Labour by a margin of 28 seats in the elections of 1979, Thatcher led a Cabinet that inherited an economy in a state of decline, a decline that had been set well-nigh three decades earlier, regenerate to or so the end of the war. Thus, her utmost antecedence was reversing this positioning2 her most important task was to reduce taxes and more importantly, the overbearing influence of the public sector undertakings, which had turned out to be the economys guzzlers, and drastically reducing Public Sector borrow Requirement (PSBR) Reversing such entrenched policies needed political conviction and courage. As against the inflation govern of 10.3 per centum, the gross domestic product real growth rate was 2.3 per centum. The most important shit with which to reach this economic goal was an emergence in taxes. When this was introduced, the first effects were government issues were negative, and only started looking up later. The first and third budgets her Finance Minister, Sir Geoffrey Howe presented, had vast tax rates. A look at how high Britains income tax rate was compared to other modify democracys gives some idea about the monetary policy in 1979, Britain had a highest Personal Income Tax pass judgment of 83 share, while the same figures were 61.5 percent in Australia, 61.9 in Canada, 73 in Denmark, 60 percent in France, 56 in West Germany, 72 in Italy, 88 in Japan, 72 in Netherlands, 86.5 in Sweden and 70 in the US. This shows that of these 11 countries taken for this comparison, only Japan and Sweden had a higher rate of highest income tax trains. (Canto Laffer, 1990, p. 250) Another critical area that required handling was curbing inflation, whose gravity was spelt out by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Geoffrey Howe, who made an impassioned plea st ating his governments determination to fight this disquietIt depart be clear from what I concord already said that the presidency continue to guess the fight against inflation as the first priority. It is an illusion to suppose that we have any real select in the midst of defeating inflation and some other course. It is sort of wrong to suppose that inflation is something with which only treasury ministers need be concerned. And in the defeat of inflation, monetary policy has an essential role to play the level of using up is planned to fall steadily throughout the next four-spot geezerhood. Without these economies, a coherent policy to reduce inflation would be unattainable. . . At the heart of the medium-term strategy is the need to return to a conscious level of public spending and to see government borrowing reduced. In the last 20 old age the ratio of public expenditure to GDP has risen by a quarter. It would be all too easy for this ratio to go on rising indefinit ely, unless we addressed ourselves to fundamentalsThis review is signifi whoremongert to the strategy. of import to success in reducing the PSBR, lowering affair rates, and bringing down inflation. And crucial if we are to find room for lightening the tax burden and so to provide scope and encouragement for endeavour and initiative. . .Expenditure in 1983-84 is planned to be about 4 per cent lower in real terms than in 1979-80. The effect will be a marked shift in the burdens imposed by the Government and in the balance betwixt the public and common soldier sectors. Above all we shall have set the mess of public spending on the right course. We shall be creating a climate much more favourable to economic growth. (Holmes, 1985, p. 55) 3For sure, this method was to turn out to sow the seeds for bearing fruit in later years the economy had a real growth rate of 3.64 percent in 1985, 3.4 percent in 1986, and 4.21 and 2.59 in the next couple of years. (Canto Laffer, 1990, p. 250) These details are spelt out in later sections of this paper.Thatchers policies had the effect of increasing inflation initially, before turning it around in February 1980, inflation had touched a high of 18.4 percent, a rate that was double the rate of what it was alone over half a year ago. (Holmes, 1985, p. 52) In addition, in the first year, PSBR and the money supply indicator, the M3, did not meet their targets, falling short substantially. Another factor impeded successful machineation of reducing inflation in this critical first year of her institution rise in public expenditure caused by the governments commitment to increase spending on health, defence, law and order and other social benefit schemes. Added to all this, the government raised public sector pay, as recommended by the Clegg Commission set up during the previous Labour government, which the Conservatives had agree to. All these resulted initially in fall in employment, the exact opposite of what the governmen t had pledged to achieve. (Tomlinson, 1990, p. 333) To this, her repartee was that basic economic laws (cannot) somehow be suspended because we are British. . . For government, facing our home(a) problems entails keeping the growth of the amount of money in line with the growth in the amount of goods and services. After years of printing process too much money, to which the economy has become addicted, this will take time, but it mustiness be through with(p) (Holmes, 1985, p. 52) During the first three years of Thatcher rule, tax r scourues rose by 4.7 percent from 25.3 to 30 percent of the egregious Domestic Product (GDP), but its budget deficit rose by a whopping 43 percent, to over 13 billion. (Canto Laffer, 1990, p. 245)Thatcherism4Thatcherism was constructed under the guidance of her mentor, Sir Keith Joseph. Its belief was rooted in the Victorian tenets of hard work, emancipation and self-importance esteem. This whitethornhap explains why she was so aversive to parasit ic public sector industries, in whose purify she believed lay the solution to the economys ills. (Cooper, Kornberg, Mishler, 1988, p. 261)The firm and unshakable belief she had in industry were the result of her middle class upbringing. A historian, Paul Johnson, had this to say about her beliefs Margaret Thatcher has never been able, or wished, to separate her blotto religious convictions from her equally strong political ones. In her mind, they are indivisible, springing as they do from the teachings of her father, a shopkeeper and local councillor in the small town of Grantham. Her fathers code was simplicity itself there are real and absolute distinctions between good and evil. Everyone has a personal responsibility to choose the good. This applies equally to public and cloistered life. Choosing the good means working hard to better ourselves and our families and to serve the community. Deal honestly and keep the spirit as well as the letter of the law. Borrow only when abso lutely necessary and repay promptly. preserve systematically for the future. Give generously. In public life, apply the same high standards as in your private dealings. Remember at all times that you are accountable not only to the voter in this life but to Almighty God in the nextand God sees into our secret hearts and judges our motives as well as our actions. (Geelhoed Hobbs, 1992, p. xvii) 5She believed in the better side of capitalism, which allowed the individual the maximum scope for growth. The route to riches creation, in the ideal of Thatcherism, was not in creating or pampering the white elephants of the public sector quite, it was in introducing healthy competition, calculated risk taking and smart marketing, to all of which the public sector was the antithesis. The small capitalist, in her vision, was the microcosm of the larger enterprise on which the economy was built. The public sector was becoming one of the biggest sources of public expenditure, whose power ha d to be cut only by emasculating the trade unions, which were hampering productiveness and free enterprise. Her idea of free enterprise was one that aimed at creating financial st powerfulness that was borne out of curbing public expenses the greatest barrier to productivity and competition in her perception, the trade unions, were to be targeted perpetratefully. Her monetary policy was thus aimed at unchaining the economy by introducing capitalism. The role of the government was specific and clear pulling out of the economy while strengthening its defy and role over other areas. (Cooper, Kornberg, Mishler, 1988, pp. 261-263) Thatcherism was thus a package of fiscal and monetary austerity with fast restraint on government spending and borrowing intended to curb inflation and reduce interest rates, thereby overcoming the electoral burden of an unemployment rate that had more than doubled during Thatchers first term. (Alt Alt, 1988, p. 217) In the pursuit of her all the way defi ned objectives, Thatcher had not really differed fundamentally from Conservative ideology the area in which she differed was in the diplomatic negotiations used to achieve her political and economic aims. The basic fabric of the Tory philosophy of governance, of an increase in the states autonomy, did not undergo a major change. In this sense, there was a similarity between Conservative ideology under Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan on the one side, and Thatcher on the other. (Bevir Rhodes, 2003, p. 110)Dealing with the unionsOwing to policies by twain Labour and the Tories from about 1962, successive governments, in their efforts towards controlling prices, had pampered labour unions and had involved them in major economic decisions, in an era also sourceised by growing nationalisation of vital industries. As a result, their numbers racket had grown from 40 percent of the employees to 55 in this period this had had the effect of making them aggressive, recalcitrant and martial in their outlook, having grown on the diet of indispens susceptibility for the government. They had reneged on most of the promises they had made of their conduct. The role of the government in the affairs of administration almost resembled a socialist state the government had held not only owned corporations dealing with coal, steel, rail, transport, natural gas, it also had been handling most public utilities. It was a departure from these found Keynesian norms that Thatcherism was conceived and enacted. Because as a result of all these policies, by the time she came to power, the economy had been left in tatters inflation stood at 10 percent, although this itself was far better compared to the 25 percent of 1975, unemployment had risen to six percent, national income had risen in the six years leading to 1979 at half the rate at which it had in the preceding 13 years, and public sector deficit had multiplied by 400 percent to four percent of the economy. To cap it all, pounds by one or another union were becoming almost a quotidian occurrence. In addition, the labour unions refused to cooperate with the Labour government for charter control below inflation rate. All these added to constitute the notorious Winter of Discontent6 in the year in which Thatcher took office. Thus, the enormity of the accompaniment was quite high at the time of her ascension. (Alt, 1994, p. 61) There were some important legal actions she took in relation to trade unions to curb their clout. Among her first regulations was a legal ban on plump forlyary picketing by the unions. In the same breath, she also curtailed the power of the unions by removing their immunity to pay fines they had been imposed by courts for violations of industrial dealing laws. (Alt Alt, 1988, pp. 218-219) genius more important legislation, perhaps the most radical one she promulgated, was in 1982. Called the Employment Act, it forcefully restricted the ambit of get hold ofs to only the iss ue of pay and working conditions the same legislation also tightened procedures on closed shops, and reduced unions other immunities, and more importantly, followed up in subsequent legislations by making strike ballots more stringent, and made it compulsory for unions to give seven days notice when going on strike. possibly the most important part of this legislation was that it deprived workers the automatic right of becoming union members. (Childs Storry, 1999, p. 540) unless another important step she took in this direction was to separate their loyalty to the Labour Party. This she did by making public and mandatory the periodic secret ballots that were being held to some trade establishments such as shops, their members right to elect leaders to their association, and finally, their allegiance to the Labour Party. She reduced their importance by deliberately snubbing them by not consulting them over important economic policy,7 and not desire their opinion or cooperation ov er implementation of several economic measures. She also sought to wean the youth away from unions by generating some employment schemes targeted at them. (Alt Alt, 1988, pp. 218-.223) As a result of the systematic attack on the unions, the most important success she achieved, perhaps the most notable one of all her entire economic policy was the dismemberment and break up of the nations most powerful union, the areaal Union of Mineworkers (NUM). When this union went on strike for a whole year protesting pit closures, the government only refused to buckle down rather, the union, apart from ending its strike in April 1985, also had to face the mortification of getting split, almost rendering it impotent. Subsequently, figures of strikes and working days broken to them fell to post-war lows. (Kavanagh, 1997, p. 129)The effect of all this was that these acts debilitated the unions like no other legislation had in the past. rank was no longer an enticing or lucrative proposition in unions sapped of their vitals by 1994, total union membership of the workforce had fallen to nine million from 13 million in 1979. unionism did continue, but with a vastly diluted character. Unions were no longer truculent or militant instead, they had intone down to becoming business-oriented, strike rates fell down drastically, and were, in their watered down form, almost solely restricted to the public sector, almost totally deserted the private sector. (Childs Storry, 1999, p. 540)Curbing inflationalong with the unions, she had another task that required equal attention high inflation, which was a major challenge to the economy. dogmatic inflation was no easy task, again given the nexus that existed between managements and labour unions in the course of Sir Walter Salomon, both sides of industry were in unholy alliance management thought a little bit of inflation would increase profits, while labour was persuaded that a little bit of inflation would maintain employment. It was as though a little bit of pregnancy need not lead on to bigger things (Holmes, 1985, p. 50)By 1980, inflation was easily among the most important problems for the nation the government of the day had to take some very stringent, even harsh measures that would cause other problems, if only to control galloping prices. In the immediate months of expect office, she introduced the Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS). In a sense, it was a takeoff from the policy undertaken by the previous Chancellor of the Exchequer from the Labour Party, Healey as part of an agreement with the IMF. Thatchers aim was to rigorously divert targets to narrowed down goals like money and borrowing, and an absence of clearly stated goals for prices and economic output. (Alt Alt, 1988, p. 224) fosterage taxes and cutting public spending were i daubified as the mantras with which to tackle inflation, even if it meant administering the economy a wacky shock to jolt it out of its situation, akin to using one thorn to remove another. The immediate shocks the nation was administered had immediate effects that were extremely damaging in 1980-81, industrial production in manufacturing fell by a whopping 14 percent, GNP contracted by over three percent, and unemployment rose by close to three million. This was the steepest rise in Britains history since the Great Depression of half a century ago. The slump in manufacturing was so great in terms in gravity that the nation lost a quarter of its manufacturing capacity in 1979-81. Just when a really potent crisis, a seemingly insoluble one, seemed to have gripped Britain, as if out of nowhere, two events turned the tide the sudden jabber in prices of North Sea oil and gas, over which Britain had access, by an extremely pleasant high of 70 percent, (Evans, 2004, p. 21) which balanced the trade account and cushioned the violent swings in the economy, and the Falklands contend, which completely diverted the internal upthrust and infused a su dden spurt of nationalism into the country, (Geelhoed Hobbs, 1992, p. xii) making race look to Thatcher as a assortment of messiah who had delivered. The truth was that both these were events whose timing could not have been more appropriate for the nation in a morass.ConclusionOne of the major charges levelled against Thatcher8 is that Thatcherism was built on a highly simplified, yet rather cynical view of human nature,9 and of its subservience to authority. She was extremely stern in her dealings with everyone, and believed that she had to use force to make people accept what she believed in. She was aptly described as a Royal Marine activity sergeant inside a classic English matron. (Champy Nohria, 1999, p. 191) Authors such as Gilmour are unsparing in their criticism of Thatchers assumption that every human action is driven by selfish motives, and that unless a leviathan-like government oversaw and strictly regulated it, it would be left to its primeval, selfish interests. Also coming in for severe criticism by this author is the view that Thatcher was less than positive in her perception of how and why people conform to authority, which is she is believed to have used to coerce people into her way of thinking. In the view of this author, if the One Nation Toryism was not to peoples liking, which they had no compelling reason to like, then, people had no reason to automatically have an interest in the state. (Bevir Rhodes, 2003, p. 110)The whole range of her achievements needs to be seen in the pathetic situation the economy was in when she was appointed Prime Minister. She had come to power inheriting a largely neutral economy. During this time, in 1978-79, the economy had all it took to take the country towards disaster high inflation, trade union malicious mischief and social problems had eaten into British politics. All this had earned it the dubious epithet, Europes sick man at the time this condition was dubbed the British Disease. So deep had Britains image drop down in the eyes of the world that when he was elected to his first term as the president of the US, one of the maiden advices Ronald Reagan received was to strictly avoid taking up any economic policy that resembled Britains. The reasons for this were partly to be laid on the previous government, and mostly on the worldwide economic recession that had hit industrialize economies very badly. In fact, Europe and the US were going through the worst recession they had witnessed since World War II. By the time she had been elected for a record third term in 1987, the economy had seen its sixth consecutive year of good performance most barometers of the economy production, foreign trade balance, establishment of new businesses, investment and economic growth, had all looked up. The economy had quietly been put back on its rails, with a legitimate three percent growth rate since coming out of the recession. This was by all accounts a scarce turnaround for an economy that was teetering on the sceptre less than a decade ago. (Geelhoed Hobbs, 1992, pp. xii- xiv)At the end of her reign, some perceptible changes were indeed seen in the economy the shifting of the tax burden from individuals to corporations, increase in parceling to defence compared to social welfare, and a significantly lower spending on public investment compared to consumption. One of her apparent successes, reduction in unemployment, was not a uniquely British or Thatcherite phenomenon it was more in tune with changes wrought about by the international markets attendant on exchange rates. (Alt Alt, 1988, p. 218) As we have seen, her attempted cure of the terminally ill British Disease10 that she inherited could have actually been worsened than the disease, but a streak of fortuity somehow saw the economy making lost ground, when it had been pushed to the brink in the initial years of her office. It is difficult to imagine to what further level the economy would have s unk had it not been for these events.But once this impetus was given, the recovery was quick inflation was down to single figures by the spring of 1982. From even this dismal scenario, inflation was nipped, during 1982, it had come down to half its rate in 1979, and by the beginning of 1983, it stood at 5.4 percent, its lowest level since 1970. Yet, even this was not very real. The now-oil rich country caused an understanding in the pound, because of which it was becoming extremely difficult to export manufactured goods. Low price of imports were aggravated by huge rises in unemployment levels, because of which reduced bargaining power by employees was also reducing the rate of wage increase. Added to all these, the governments best efforts to reduce public spending were making no dent on institutionalised heavy public spending it continued unabated to 44.5 percent of the GDP even in 1982, and the total tax burden was put at 34 percent of the GDP in the first year of office, and 40 percent in 1982-83. Thus, whatever successes her policies had in tackling inflation had been more callable to luck than anything else. (Evans, 2004, pp. 21-30)Yet, she could not find the same luck or effectiveness when it came to containing unemployment, which continued to be the opposite she could never really defeat till the end. Despite all her policies, although it was her topmost priority, in the period between 1979 and 1988, the cream of her Prime Ministership, UKs unemployment rate, which was five percent in 1979, the year in when she took office, rose to 6.4 percent in 1980, and was 9.8 in 1981, 11.3 percent in 1982, 12.5 percent in 1983, 11.7 percent in 1984, 11.3 in 1985, 11.5 percent in1986, and10.2 percent in 1987 before finally falling to 8.2 percent the following year. With very few chance(a) exceptions, no other leading country in the OECD had this rate during this period. (Tomlinson, 1990, p. 334) again, like the North Sea oil11 which came as a godsend to her at a most critical time, another factor, though not quite so great a paroxysm, bailed her out of the unemployment morass the transition of the economy from manufacturing to service and knowledge. Again, this was due in part to the global changes in the mode of industry, than to anything to which she could claim any singular credit. (Geelhoed Hobbs, 1992, p. xv) Thus, in assessing the most crucial parameters of the success of her economic policies, on two major counts, she was blessed to be the right person at the right time.It cannot be denied that Thatcherism brought about some very important changes. In effect, there was a lachrymose effect of her economic policies at first, when she introduced reforms aimed at curbing inflation, they boomeranged, then showed some very perceptible signs of having worked, and then, towards the end of her reign, had brought back the economy to a healthy state. One area over which she could claim total success was in dealing firmly with trade unions. There can be no doubt that this was an authoritative stamp of her assertiveness. However, assessing her ability to deliver in other crunch areas does not bring the same decisiveness. Seen in this prism, her overall economic policies were a success, but were a qualified one. Considering the onus she inherited, it was commendable that she was able to implement so many changes. Thus, in finally evaluating Thatcher economic policy, it needs to be said that they indeed were successes, but a good part of this was due to events over which she had little control.ReferencesAlt, J. E., (1994), 3. Thatchers Ideology Economic Cures for English Diseases, in Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister Indomitable, Thompson, J. S. Thompson, W. C., (Eds.), (pp. 55-72), Westview Press, Boulder, CO.Alt, J. E., Alt, J. E., (1988), 8. New Wine in Old Bottles Thatchers Conservative Economic Policy, in The Resurgence of Conservatism in Anglo-American Democracies, Cooper, B., Kornberg, A., Mishler, W., (Eds.), (pp. 217-257), Duke University Press, Durham, NC.Bevir, M., Rhodes, R. A., (2003), Interpreting British Governance, Routledge, New York.Canto, V. A. Laffer, A. B. (Eds.), (1990), Monetary Policy, Taxation, and International Investment Strategy, Quorum Books, New York.Champy, J., Nohria, N., (1999), The Arc of Ambition Defining the Leadership Journey, Perseus Publishing, Cambridge, MA.Childs, P. Storry, M., (Eds.), (1999), Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture, Routledge, London.Cooper, B., Kornberg, A., Mishler, W., (Eds.), (1988), curt Bee, by Chris vex Analysis weeny Bee, by Chris Cleave Analysis subatomic Bee, by Chris Cleave, is a novel that explores both the frailty of the human condition and the endurance of the human spirit. It delves into unthinkable evil, but simultaneously celebrates its characters in their ability to transcend all that weighs them down, including their pasts, their secrets, and their flaws. The bear is about the bond formed between two wome n and how the relationship that has arisen from the most tragic of circumstances functions to resurrect both of them. For the character of slight Bee, indistinguishability is inescapably tied to ethnicity, nationality, gender, race, and class. She is hampered by the weight of her past yet she also rises above these distinctions in her continued hopefulness, as evidenced in her dreams and active imagination.A representative race of the adjudge that explores Little Bees point of view (both its unceasing optimism and unsheathed realism) occurs in the books final chapter. Little Bee is on the beach, awaking from a dream. The dream was of her ideal life going forward Living in a beautiful home in her native Nigeria, working as a journalist who collects stories like her own, Sarah and Charlie with her as family. Little Bee is smooth, thinking about the noise that has awoken her and, by extension, her place in the world. After the exit are the last few pages of the novel, in which Li ttle Bee separates from Sarah and Charlie because the armed men (presumably soldiers) are searching for her. Ultimately Little Bee, prompted by the men shooting at Charlie, sacrifices herself by revealing her identity to them.The passage is ominous. Structurally, the reviewer is aware by this point that they are mere pages away from the end of the story. The pages prior have seen several good developments after the turn of Little Bees deportation to Nigeria. Sarah and Charlie have returned with her and they are put about collecting stories from other native people in order to expose the truths of the oil companies cruelty to the world. They are relaxing in the sun, on the beach near where Little Bees sister Nkiruka was killed. Little Bee is awoken from a good dream, but immediately the ref gets the sense that something bad is about to happen. This comes as a result of the first sentence of the passage, There is a moment when you wake up from dreaming in the sweltering sun, a mom ent outside time when you do not know what you are (Cleave 258). The sentence shows that Little Bee is questioning her identity at just the moment when she should be most sure of it. Because Little Bee has been seeking a home, a family, and belonging, and has seemingly found it, the reader realizes that it is still uncertain.It is significant to point out that the reader knows that the thesis of the book is that it is a sad story. We are told early on, Sad words are just another beauty. A sad story means, this storyteller is alive (Cleave 9). Thus we know that the story can not have a happy ending, but nor is the ending ultimately tragic. It is clear that Little Bee has survived just now in the telling of the story, but also that something bad will happen to her in the end. So the passage on the beach is situated at the exact moment between Little Bee at her happiest and the fearsome events that will make this a sad story.The book as alternates between the points of view of Sarah and Little Bee, though this section is told in Little Bees voice. It is critical that the final chapter be her perspective, given that the so much of the book deals with the lack of western knowledge of people like Little Bee, the silence regarding their stories, and the healing power of storytelling. The most significant element of voice in this passage is the tonal shift between its two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, Little Bee is coming out of her dream and the narration is reminiscent of that half-awake state. The second paragraph is Little Bee, eyes open, in the fog of remembering who and where she is, when she says, a white woman was sitting next to me on the beach in the thing called shade (Cleave 259). This paragraph also hints at the return of Little Bees Africanness in its wording. The implication is that shade, a relatively simple word with her advanced level of English, is again foreign to her. thence she says, regarding Sarah, I searched for the name of her express ion in your language frightened, again struggling for easy language. Given that in the previous paragraph she has discussed transformation at length, it is as if the reader is seeing Little Bee regress to the self she was before England and Sarahs influence.Another important element of voice is the use of the second person point of view in the first paragraph. This technique is also used throughout the book, as filtered through Little Bee. The second person is an affecting way of getting the reader to empathize with its speaker. While Little Bees circumstances may be hard for many readers (particularly the audience that might have access and motivation to read the novel) to understand, the second person forces the reader to imagine herself in her stead. The use of second person as a tool ties in with one of the central themes of the book what it takes for one person to understand the plight of another. This theme is manifest at many points Sarah and Andrew choose to vacation in Nig eria despite its war Andrew refuses to cut off his flick though it may mean the girls will die Sarah dismisses Andrews depression. Thus when Little Bee realizes you are a cock with skin she is realizing it not only for herself, but for all the readers (Cleave 259). Being human, they are theatre of operations to all the same agonies and ecstasies that she is and are similarly mortal.The passage explores the idea of identity, specifically who one is in relationship to the world and how one knows she is human. The idea is reinforced through the use of several extended metaphors. Repetition of these metaphors gives them heft. The first is you must be money (Cleave 258). This alludes to the previous section, in which she says that the noise that woke her up is the sound of the surf pounding on the beachCrash, like the drawer of a cash register springing open and all the coins inside it smashing against the edge of their compartments (Cleave 258). That the you character is money is iro nic, given that prior the reader is told you feel absolutely free (Cleave 258). Money in the book represents evil. It is the main motivation for the oil companies that have corrupted Nigeria and divided its people. Additionally, Sarahs finger is taken as a kind of payment for Little Bees life and as such, she is resentful of her own commodification.Next Little Bee compares herself to environmental elements of the beach itself. The beach represents the very best and worst parts of Little Bees life It is where her sister was murdered, but also where she met Sarah and Andrew. In the moment of the passage, it is where she is relaxing and dreaming of a better life, but also where she is about to be recaptured. Cleave writes that Little Bee is that hot breeze, (258) but even as breeze she is burdened, as he describes the heaviness you feel in your limbs is the weight of the salt in the wind and the sweet sleepiness that bewitches you is patently the weariness that comes from the day-and- night pushing of waves across the ocean (259). It is as ironic as the monetary comparison Just as we consider money to be the opposite of free, so is breeze the opposite of heavy.The passage tells us that identity is mutable, at least in ones own imagination. Just as Little Bee has made herself English, she can be African again. She can imagine herself as free as the breeze or as inconsequential as a grain of sand. In the mind, it is as if you could transform yourself into anything at all (Cleave 258). After she is the breeze, she is the sand that the breeze blows up the beach, just one grain of sand among the billions of blown grains (Cleave 259). Again she is a natural element of the beach, but this time one that is inconsequential and one that can simply to go back to sleep, as the sand does, until the wind thinks to awaken it again (Cleave 259). With this comparison, Cleave is exploring Little Bees as an entity that is not burdened (as the wind is) by responsibility, but instead is burdened by others acting upon her. This parallels with Little Bees tragedy, as she had no agency over her own fate or that of her village, or any ability to protect her sister.Next Little Bee realizes her own corporeal presence and its inherent mortality. She says, this skin is your own and a billion fishes have slipped away like this, flapping on the blinding white sand, and what difference will one more make? (Cleave 259). Just as she has realized her inability to control her own destiny, she is realizing her insignificance. This is all the more noteworthy as next she realizes, I am a girl, then, an African girl (Cleave 259). She is subject to the oppression that her gender and her nationality carry with them. As a girl, she has less power than a man, and men in this novel are agents of destruction. The reader is told this earlier in the story when Little Bee says, The men came and theyThat was how all of our stories started (Cleave 79). Her Africanness, as well, leaves her o pen to danger, as Sarah can return to England and be guaranteed safety but she can not. This realization does not leave Little Bee so much depressed as resigned. She will stay herself, as the shape-changing sorcerous of dreams whispers back into the roar of the ocean (Cleave 259). It is a foreshadowing of her final decision. She does not choose to flee or fight, but instead to surrender herself for the sake of Charlie, because he is young and will continue the dream for her.The reader takes from Little Bee the idea that identity is fluid and ones own self-perception can be a tool of transcendence. Little Bees circumstances require that she reinvents herself from village girl, to refugee, to member of an upper-class British family. Because of her brain, her language, and her imagination, she cannot be marginalized, even though she must succumb to evil. To the reader, Little Bee will remain as free as the wind and as peaceful as the undisturbed sand, because she has offered her voice and her story as testimony.