Minorities and Women in Criminal Justice Essay

There are many key issues impacting minorities and women in the criminal justice system . Sexism still exists in the United States. Sexism against women is shown in the media and indicates that sexism still pervades in our society. Another key issue is the overrepresentation and disparities among minorities in the criminal justice system. After the act of September 11, racial profiling and other acts of racial hate crimes suggests that racism occurs. Another key issue that indicates that racial disparities occur in the criminal justice system is the overrepresentation of minorities in the Juvenile Justice system. Sexism against women- Sexism still pervades in our society. A clear example of this is the way Hillary Clinton was treated in the elections. Hillary faced many gender-based abuse by the media and many individuals. â€Å"Multiple studies on women in national security have shown concerns about the progression of women into senior leadership positions (Erbe, 2008).† Some feel women are inferior to men, this is clearly a form of sexism. Statistics from U.S. Bureau of Justice indicates that women are much more likely than men to experience â€Å"nonfatal intimate partner violence†. 30% of female homicide victims are estimated to have been killed by intimate partners in comparison to 5% male homicide victims. In the past, women were not included in higher education. When women were included in higher education , they were encouraged into majors that were less intellectual. Women have been excluded from participating in many professions. Based on a 2009 study conducted by Cornell University on the topic of CEOs, research suggests that while being obese limit’s the career opportunities of both women and men, being a bit overweight harms only female executives and may actually benefit male executives. There’s also a disparity of wages between men and women. Today, women earn 75% of the income of men. Research conducted suggest that mothers are 44% less likely to be hired than women with otherwise identical resumes, experience, and qualifications, and if hired are offered on an average $11,000 a year less than women without children. On the other hand, men without children earn on an average $7,500 less than men with children. Discrimination in juvenile justice system- The Juvenile Justice System was established in the late 1800s. Juvenile did not have much Constitutional rights until recently when the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act was established in 1968. The act was created to help juveniles who are in danger of becoming delinquent by providing assistance. The juvenile justice system is separate from the adult criminal court system. African American juveniles are overrepresented in the Juvenile justice system. Statistics show that the criminal justice system discriminates against racial minorities. Racial disparities questions the treatment of juveniles by the police, courts/juvenile justice system . Cases are affected by race in the front end of the system. Black males are more likely to be detained compared to whites. USA Today article indicates that minorities fare worse in traffic stops. Police use more force against Blacks and Hispanics. Report concludes with disturbing disparities as to what happens to minorities after the stop. Recommendations for the criminal justice system include; building accountability in the exercise of discretion by police and prosecutors, and improve the diversity of low enforcement personnel. Other recommendations include; improving the collection of criminal justice data relevant to racial consequences of criminal convictions. Minorities-The USA Patriot Act was passed after September 11, 2006 when the United States was attacked by terrorist. The act was passed on October 26, 2001 by members of the congress. â€Å"The Patriot Act stretches terrorism laws to include domestic terrorism which can cause political organizations to surveillance, wiretapping, harassment, and criminal action (Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) 2001)†. Law enforcement can conduct secret searches at their will. They can have access to medical, financial, mental health and student records with minimal oversight. Many feel that new legislation and enforcement of The Patriot Act takes away our freedom and some feel that this will protect us and possibly prevent another attack. There are many disadvantages of The Patriot Act. Many Arabs and Asian immigrants have been interrogated not for a wrong act but because of religion or ethnic background. New Federal Executive Branch actions have discriminated Arabs and Asians. Thousands of Asian and Arab men have been held in custody for weeks and months, without any charges filed against them. An action such as these by the government is supported by The Patriot Act yet it threatens the First Amendment which is supposed to protect our freedom of religion, speech assembly, and the press. It also threatens the fourth Amendment which is freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. There is a lack of information within the patriot act that shows evidence that this act was a major reason for September 11 terrorist attacks. This act is an invasion of privacy with inadequate security benefits. The government is given the opportunity and power to investigate and search people’s homes without good cause. Inaccurate information collected by the government can be kept on file permanently and viewed by law enforcement officers. This personal and flawed information can be used against the American citizen to create hardship. A file can be created not based on criminal actions or misconduct but based on suspicion. It is evident the Patriot act threatens some of the amendments in the bill of rights and invades our privacy. There are many pros and cons to The Patriot Act. Citizens have to give up some individual rights in results of saving lives. The Act is meant to protect the U.S. society, civil rights and liberty. Liberty has to be sacrificed to obtain security. Community policing can address the fear that an individual citizen experiences after any act â€Å"Instead of de-emphasizing community policing efforts, police departments should realize that community policing may be more important than ever in dealing with terrorism in their communities (Homeland Security)†. Despite the progress and transition that our country has experienced, unfortunately sexism and racial disparities still exist within the criminal justice system. References Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001. Retrieved Aug 14, 2009 from: www.eff.org/censorship.terrorism.militias Despite Democrats Opposition, House Reauthorizes Patriot Act. Retrieved August 14, 2008 from: http://proquest.umi.com. www.Aclu.org http://www.homelandsecurity.org

Louis Armstrong and His Innovation

Louis Armstrong was known as one of the greatest artist in Jazz History. With his work and dedication to the Jazz music, He managed to connect diverse population of society using his music through his innovations; Blues, Improvisation, Singing, Repertory, and Rhythm.Louis Armstrong made an impact on BluesLouis Armstrong was mostly known as one of the greatest trumpet player in Jazz history, specifically Early New Orleans Jazz. In this case, Armstrong recognize the Blues; a type of jazz genre, as a founding foundation of Jazz. Blues Jazz has the important role in Jazz history. Blues originated during 19th century in Southern plantation. The founders of Blues were mostly slave and ex-slaves who sings as they pluck plants in the fields.†You got to like playing pretty things if you're ever going to be any good blowing your own horn.† With the help of Charles Black, Columbia law professor, Louis Armstrong would not have been recognize for this reasons. When Charles heard Armstrong performed lived, the experience he have with Armstrong during his live performance feels that it will have an effect about viewing the race. Louis Armstrong song, â€Å"Savoy Blues† made an impact on society. It shows tenderness of the sound and shows a little feelings behind the song. This song was considered as a sweet jazz, a sound that lacks improvisation and performed with a moderate tone. With the use of sweet jazz, other uprising black musicians started to use this kind of music genre. If Louis Armstrong did not use the sweet jazz, he would not inspired other inspiring artist and would not impact his music. The Idea of Louis Armstrong was to inspired young black musicians to embrace the sound of Jazz, specifically Sweet Jazz. In this case, a movement called Harlem Renaissance that supports the black achievements were introduced. In Conclusion, Armstrong recognizes blues as the founding foundation for Jazz because it leads to the rights of the black men during their years. Through his musical career, he shows to people that it is possible to have a strong feeling to blues. In this case, He influenced a lot of inspiring musicians to create a music that is similar to him, also known as sweet jazz. Improvisation led him to be KnownThrough his Improvisation, his goal is to have a connection to his verbal to the music. Armstrong describes his music as a approaching to improvisations in the terms of suggesting logic developments and through his progress. His music shows that his first chorus plays melody and his second chorus plays the same melody with another combination of melodies. As he plays his instrument, trumpet. He always stated that his trumpet always tells a story. In short, whenever he plays his trumpet he just need to go with the flow to feel the music in it. Armstrong develops his music through creating a story, according to Roy Eldridge, When Armstrong creates music, it's like connecting an idea of telling a story with syntactic and cumulative development. Every phase that Armstrong plays led to somewhere else, that links to other songs. In this case, Armstrong's motivation was to shows a attention to others, mostly through a nightclub. Armstrong's improvisation shows that his melodies were unique, creative, and shows emotions towards the songs. His Improvisation depends on an attractive tunes, His music structure must be elegant. Another approach with his improvisation is through harmony, through the chord progressions, the tune must be focused shifted from tune to harmony in order to create an abstract and a large scale creative sounds. Armstrong's Improvisation brought changes to his melody. His improvisation methis was to think what rhythm that is already created and what to add to it in order to be more creative rather than creating a new rhythm from the scratch. Armstrong's melodic tunes were considered as a free mode. His chord progressions was seen as a potential to create a harmonic improvisations, a related way of creating a new rhythm. With in that, People respect Louis Armstrong with his great composition on music because of the quality of the tune and his pitches, the mood within the song he made and it sound that is made has a relaxing tune for the listeners to like it. In summary, throughout his career, records shoes that his music was advancing, using improvisation, he managed to get a lot of attentions through his music. The main goal was to let everyone know the connection of his music and the other's music rather than listening to a music without knowing anything. With improvisation, he made jazz as music that shows individual expressions. Crystal Voice of Louis ArmstrongThrough his career, He also sings specifically scat-singing. Scat singing is type of singing that is using nonsense syllable instead of words. Throughout the Jazz history, male vocalist of jazz were musical performers originally and one of them was Louis Armstrong. With the use of his improvisation, he emphasized the music more with his scat singing. According to his singing, his trumpet and scat has a connection between in it. As he plays his trumpet, it is played by using a triplet pattern of eight notes and develops motif by the right ascending or descending tune of his melody. Same thing as his scat, the development of the motif of the trumpet somehow related to scat. As Armstrong sung, the sound that came out gives a â€Å"dynamic synergistic effect. It brings a thrilling tune when using voice that is like a trumpet instrument.When Armstrong sings, people described it as a â€Å"heart warming†, and â€Å"beautiful and nostalgic.†. Louis Armstrong has the same manners to sing as he did on trumpet. As being said, His singing and playing trumpet has the emphasize on a gracefully melodic, rhythms, and triadic extensions. With is singing, Louis made an impact on the other singers such as; Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, and Elvis Presley. Armstrong's scatting melody was considered as a powerful melody throughout his music, as well being said, some artist have been collaborated with him like Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald. In conclusion, Armstrong wouldn't been so recognized if he didn't introduce scat-singing to the public. As his use scat singing, he opened a door full of opportunity to the future aspiring. RepertoryAs Louis Armstrong considered as one of the most influential person in Jazz, His music has a potential to the listeners. Throughout his musical career, There were a lot of people that His music was not original, but just were being improvised. In fact, it is true; however, not all the hits he just improvised, some of them were written originally . As he composing his own song, there were some mistakes on it, over and over he changes some of his tunes in order to get the right tune. With his repertory, he sold a lot of albums. His repertory made an transformation through his career.As people believed that his repertory was low quality, his career suddenly fail to become popular. With his dedication to music, he started again to show different kinds of repertory that he has that ended up to have one of the best recordings in his period. His repertory showed variety of sound such as timbre. He also includes different techniques within his music such as inserting instruments' range. With his repertory, He created some of Tin Pan Alley songs into a masterpiece. In that case, Some of Louis Armstrong's musics became one of the standards of jazz. With his work, His music was introduced widely by the people such as his music, Memories of You, On the Sunny side of the street, and I got rhythm. After he was introduced by him music, another musicians were been also recognize with their innovations such as Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, and Dizzy Gillespie. Reverberating RhythmLouis Armstrong's Rhythm introduce to the world as a second nature to everyone. As critics says that some people considered Armstrong's music was disorganized, but most people recognizes his music has a perfect rhythm, harmony, pitch, and a flow. Theortically, people considered Armstrong's contributions to the people is to teach them to appreciate music.With the rhythm of Armstrong, he became more integrated to his language over time. When Armstrong create a new rhythm, he made it very seriously but when it is very complicated he intended to change the tune in to simple tune. However, Armstrong's rhythm made his music complicated. This complication in his music did not bother him, in fact, he began to recruit other singers specifically blue. As he recruits singers, he developed a habit playing a triad minor in his music. In some people's vision, Louis Armstrong's rhythm seems to lack something. He was also judge by having an old fashioned music. In order to correct this mistake, Armstrong changes some of his tune or re arrange it in order the listeners will be satisfied. With his popularity in repertory, he able to performed wonderfully in front of his audiences, the goal was to entertained the audience, it happened. In some of his music he change some of his phrases to a more triad. Based on his rhythm, he has this first eight bar that assembles his melody's pitch. As the critics says about his rhythm, â€Å"Armstrong has the right rhythm instinct and sense of time in ‘swinging around and away from the regular beat' as he expresses it. His rhythm made a huge impact on Early New Orleans Jazz, his skills on rhythm, he able to connect phases without any problem compared on other Early New Orleans Jazz such as dealing with complicated notes within music. Through his creativity, he was able to tell people that music may be hard to understand sometimes, it just need to be hear it carefully in order to understand what the song is trying to tell.

Walt Disney Cartoons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Walt Disney Cartoons - Essay Example Asians, African Americans, Native Americans, and people from the Middle East are portrayed along racial lines. Some characters have hatred towards lesbians and gay men. The homosexuals are secluded and experience violence and hostility from other characters. This has a negative impact on homosexuals in the society watching these cartoons and other children develop negative attitudes towards homosexuals. Sexism is evident in several Disney cartoons, which portrays girls negatively. Girls and women are grossly underrepresented in films and cartoons, which represents a missed opportunity to present them in non-sexualized roles. The cartoons derive their values from the sexual appeal or behavior portrayed by their sexual attractiveness. Majority of the children’s programs contain animations and cartoons. These cartoons contain sexualizing images of girls and women. Disney portrays female characters with more cleavage, fewer clothes and are presented as sexier than those of former years. An example is The Little Mermaid where the female characters expose their cleavage and are scantily dressed. These characters are depicted as sexier than those in Cinderella or Snow White. These animations have great potential to influence girls and young teens paying every detail to the characters. Girls are primarily portrayed as domestic, concerned with their appearance and interested in boys. This overemphasizes their own self as romantic objects (Lacroix, 2004). In The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, Disney has constructed the heroines in extreme idealized forms of white femininity. The heroines are characterized as assertive and intelligent figures who take on adventures. The heroines are empowered in their actions, and idealized beauty is affirmed by their dressing. In this light, the texts form part of the popular discourse of femininity which encourages women to internalize gendered body norms. Women want to expose themselves in order to achieve the feminine character contained in the movies.

Self Control and Social Control Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Control and Social Control Theory - Essay Example This theory includes analyzing the subject with hopes of a crime committed and if so they have low self control. Examples of low self control are habit forming acts, reckless driving, and unprotected or promiscuous sex. The subject being of low self control would have poor judgment in other words to certain peer pressures. This theory was first Introduced by Gottfredson and Hirschi in â€Å"The General Theory of Crime† (1990) along with Social Control Theory. These theories became very popular and studied over and over by many students, crimologist and researchers. Low self control can be attributed to poor parenting skills and inadequate discipline for the offender in their childhood years. Also through later relationships self control can forecast a number of different behaviors (ex. cheating and gambling).Self control theory is based on Hirschi’s earlier works of Social Control Theory. Social control theory is similar to Self control theory in many ways citing simila r Factors like Family and Discipline. Self control elaborates on Family and friend relationships rather than Societal influences. Social Control theory (Hirschi and Stark 1969 â€Å"Hellfire and delinquency â€Å") suggests when a juvenile who has normal relationships in which helps them to make good judgments in society. Normal relationships include proper attachment, involvement, belief, and commitment in the â€Å"theory†. The results of that theory according to research were not the greatest!

Industrial level of BMW and Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrial level of BMW and Toyota - Essay Example This in turn makes the suppliers produce even better components and with greater efficiency. Toyota has something known as jidoka that requires even the machine to work autonomously whenever they detect a faulty part (Frick 2011). Disallowing such a part to do ensures the production of quality products. After the production completion, the vehicles are given to the distributors in case of marketing them locally. Otherwise, the shipping process occurs via the use of containers for international market. Marketing by Toyota is done through advertisements and promotions. In terms of after-sale services, the company managed to outperform its closest competitors through customer satisfaction. The company does a follow-up to ensure that the individual is satisfied for at least a given time after the purchase. For value addition, the BMW group works with over 12,000 suppliers in 70 countries that need to fulfill the standards set by the group in production of high-end components. Like Toyota, BMW works with the suppliers to leverage potential (Coe 2004). For the international market, the finished vehicles are shipped from the assembly lines with containers. Those that are sold in the local market of the assembly lines are transported to the respective showrooms using trucks. Marketing and sales by BMW include encouraging consumers to purchase the vehicles. The company employs advertising, promotion, pricing, marketing, sales, and so on. After-sale service is also offered by BMW. It involves user support, training, repair services, spare part management, installation, upgrades and so on. The company handles complaints well and this has been successful in attracting return customers. Frick, Jan. Advances in Production Management Systems Value Networks: Innovation, Technologies, and Management, IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2011, Stavanger, Norway, September 26-28, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin: Springer,

The idea of suffering as a' call to the Other' Assignment

The idea of suffering as a' call to the Other' - Assignment Example That year Eric Cassel published a paper on suffering based on his experience as MD. This work that first appeared in New England Journal of Medicine launched a new direction in discussing suffering in healthcare setting. Lots of representatives of other disciplines used Cassel’s understanding of suffering in their publications to draw attention to the fact that suffering is not related just to physical injury or some disease, but relates to human suffering as well (Cassel, 1991). The core idea of Cassel’s perception of suffering is that the latter is â€Å"experienced by persons, not merely by bodies, and has its source in challenges that threaten the intactness of a person as a complex social and psychologic entity† (Cassel, 1982, p. 639). Moreover, the author expresses the view that suffering can include pain, yet is not restricted to it. Importantly, he asserts that to relieve human suffering is the obligation of the medical care. Cassel’s comparisons a nd studies in the area of pain and human suffering, as well as his thoughts on meaning are compatible with the themes of nursing and medical care explored in history. However, in practice one can find that despite their historic meaning, both medicine and nursing often fail to carry out this important duty within modern healthcare. Instead, they have become over technical and depersonalized. To our exploration of suffering as a Call to the Other, Cassel’s study of the illness and its meaning seems specifically relevant since it can be well applied to the nursing practice. Cassel thinks of personal meaning as a basic and principal dimension of what we know as personhood. To add, Cassel provides explanation of the importance of recognition of personal meaning. In particular, the researcher states that this recognition is crucial in understanding people’s illnesses and sufferings. Finally, Cassel rebukes current medicine for its ignorance of person’s spirit that dr ives human life, or in other words for its failure to include the transcendent dimension. ORIGINS OF SUFFERING In his study â€Å"Medicine and Human Suffering†, Professor Hiram Caton asserts that the origin of suffering within humans is their anxiety of death. He writes, â€Å"The fundamental human suffering is knowledge of mortality† (Caton, 1998). However, the vision of origins of suffering is far more complex. Suffering is classified as physical and psychological. For instance, Tudor speaks of physical, psychological suffering, and affliction. Recognizing the existing dichotomy between mind and body, Tudor defines physical suffering as â€Å"suffering felt as physical pain† and psychological suffering as â€Å"suffering felt as psychological pain† (Tudor, 2001: 23). In relation to psychological suffering, the term of affliction has been successfully developed by Weil. In his interpretation, suffering is perceived as affliction and it involves a combina tion of psychological distress, pain felt physically, and some social elements. In addition, psychological suffering is also known as ‘sorrow’, which seems to be unable to accurately reflect such states as distress, despair, anguish, shock, etc (Wyschgorod, 1990: 34). Psychological and physical suffering differ not just in the nature of pain that the Other experiences, but in terms of expressibility as well. On the basis of careful observation, Scarry has come to the conclusion that Physical pain does not simply resist language but actively destroys it, bringing

Customer Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Customer Experience - Essay Example a new banking outlet, particularly in an overseas location, it is imperative for the banking institution adequately prepares for the groundbreaking exercise and positioning that will facilitate sustainability. Some of the intricate issues that determine the success of a newly opened branch in the banking sector are generally related to the first impression created regarding customer experience. Customer experience can be memorable for either good or bad reasons. How suitable and pleasant an experience gets to the newcomers is usually dependent on the trend set from the beginning. It follows that the remainder of the experience in a new market is defined in the initial stages of market positioning and establishment. Aware of these facts, Cooperative Bank and Smile UK Limited will require the detail of the following study regarding the new market in Tanzania for the creation of an appropriate customer. According to Avaya (2008, P1), both local and international banking institutions find a huge challenge to balance their strategy mix and technological capacity to facilitate sustainable customer relationships. According to the revelations of the group, today’s customer experience has changed a lot due to a number of factors. One of the most important factors that have necessitated a different approach to handling of customer experience is the easy availability of information that has impacted on customer expectations. In view of the new market in Tanzania, this study reveals some of the most important information that the management of Cooperative Bank and Smile will need to handle the changed customer experience issues in Tanzania. Comparing the banking sector in the UK to that in Tanzania, there are fundamental differences in the economic settings of the two countries. While the UK is an industrialized economy, Tanzania is a developing country, where profound differences in operations will be experienced. Performance in the developed economy presents quite

Gang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gang - Essay Example Meetings and gatherings with the police department and the community members to talk about and enlighten the community members on the effects of crime. The members of the community get to have information on how to identify the criminals and how to report to the relevant authorities. The members need to know that it is their right to stay safe and secure all the time. Gang Resistance Education and Training program, one of the best known educational-based prevention programs. Developed by bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and explosives in conjunction with the local police. This program consists series of lessons for the community and students that include skill development to help resist gangs and gang membership, avoid involvement in crime and learn the dangers associated with crime and gangs. The program is effective in developing positive attitudes towards the police and negative attitudes toward involvement in gangs and crime. Children have always learned how to act in the real world from the stories they hear, mass media contributes significantly to their behaviors. If the stories children see involve violence as a solution to problems, they are most likely to exercise violence to solve problems and challenges they face in the real world. The parents of the children can take charge to change how the children behave through either the following ways. Reduce exposure to media violence. If children watch movies, television less and less randomly, the chances of them seeing violence will be very minimal. Setting limits on how much the children watch and setting guidelines on what they watch can help accomplish reduction to exposure to media violence. Parents may consider adding positive programs while limiting negative ones. Another way to control is by establishing guidelines to media other than television, including video games, magazines, movies, comic books and videos. Change the

Reaction to Crisis questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction to Crisis questions - Research Paper Example First, I was reminded of the virtue of patience and seeking not to engage the individual under any circumstances, both light-hearted or involving maladjusted, juvenile behaviors. What this situation created was an opportunity for me to use more efficient planning and strategy development to determine the most appropriate and worthwhile course of action. This has many opportunities in the future, including better time management and also establishing appropriate obedience systems. â€Å"Adversity helps us put things in perspective† (Grohol, 2013, p.2). This has many implications for future management practice. Passive-aggressiveness is generally my most useful tactic to counter adversity, maintaining a thoughtful and tranquil posture while also using appropriate body language or sarcastic language to express shame or disgrace. I learned after examining many models of communication that the situation involving the maladjusted individual, as one example, that much of this was just noise that complicated the decoding process. Though not all researchers and sociological experts would agree that this is a positive strategy for countering adversity, it does prevent a violent response that is unwarranted in most circumstances. When appropriate, I also rely on public support to assist in countering adversity. Not all adversity comes through social conflict, but can also manifest itself in business, such as having subordinates performing negative practices that go against leader-established policies. In an organizational model, sometimes the ethical climate of culture will provide public assistance to combat those who can severely disrupt the lives or economics of important stakeholders. By providing meaningful feedback and precise evidence, public support (while also fulfilling needs for social belonging) can assist in rallying support against an improper entity or organization. When considering personal resilience, I believe myself superior in this

Movie 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)' review about race

'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)' about race according to reading 'In Characters - Movie Review Example The following movie is wonderfully and benevolently an entertaining film. Its production is much in the way of arena drawing humor that seems to involve something more severe and difficult than it really looks. Racism becomes the center problem in the movie. In this relation, Jackson’s article reveals that blacks face a higher percentage of racism in the movie production sphere. Basing on the movie, the marriage between the black man and white miss does not go through because of social bias and race. Thus, the article tries to uphold the concept of racism in Hollywood. In relation to acts of the movie, the theme of racism reflects in different situations. Firstly is the determination of white apprehension about race in the current universal privileges period. Moreover, accepted customs hardly ever challenged the people who had run away from thorough media analysis earlier kept for the whites. In rare instances, the movie tries to analyze prejudice around the south. Thus, the result is cautious and straightforward. In this relation, a problem notable in this movie bases on Spenser Stacy and Katherine Hepburn who viewed themselves as very influential and successful white people. Their moment busts when their daughter came in with a black boyfriend. They became disappointed due to the spirit of racism in them (Hamilton137). Basing on the article, people who have been in supremacy for a very long era were the whites. They tended to employ other white in supporting them. In addition, when they saw a chronicle, people involved were white men or particular kinds of their women. However, as several generations come into place different looks come into play. Thus, this integrates all actors around the globe to the movie industry. Basing on above, understanding of racism becomes clear. In relation, the movie is all about the whites and only a few blacks like the black fiancà © emerge. Basing on the

Monologue and Attitude Revealed through Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’ Essay Example for Free

Monologue and Attitude Revealed through Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’ Essay The 16th century poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a monologue of a Duke showing an audience the painting of his late wife. Browning, in this poem, as in many of his poems, uses monologue to reflect on the concepts and notions of his time.   This particular monologue reflects on the perception of women in the 16th century, and in particular, aristocratic women. In this particular monologue, like many of Browning’s monologues, we get not only a feeling for the Duke’s character, but also a feeling about the expectations of a particular class and a particular gender—basically, a women must be obedient to her husband, and any independence is frowned upon. Browning typically used monologue in many of his poems to use this affect—basically, he creates a character to reflect on his own feelings of society, but by using the character, he is able to somewhat mask, or hide behind, that character’s observations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this monologue, we see the Duke as a particularly jealous man. His suspicion would be easily aroused every time his wife thanked someone, especially if it was another man, for a small favor done to her. The Duke thinks that his â€Å"gift of a nine-hundred-years-old-name (line 33)† was the most valuable gift his wife received from her and thus, she should have not just given away her smile and blush for anyone but him. He saw this attitude as a kind of stooping down on her part and in turn, an insult on him and his position in society.   Ã‚  The monologue thus reveals a lot about the main character that is speaking, and in this poem, it is the Duke: The style and structure of this poem play a significant role in the effect of the poem.   As is typical of Brownings poems, My Last Duchess is written as a dramatic monologue: one speaker relates the entire poem as if to another person present with him.   This format suits this poem particularly well because the speaker, taken to be the Duke of Ferrara, comes across as being very controlling, especially in conversation (My Last Duchess Analysis). When he got tired of these exchanges of smiles between his wife and other people, he â€Å"gave commands;/ Then all smiles stopped together (Browning, lines 45-46).† This ambiguous statement gives the reader a clue as to how the Duchess became an ex-wife. It is not specific, however, so that one can only guess as to what happened—maybe he had her killed or sent her away where she died. From these absurd, oftentimes ridiculous, and obviously arrogant words, the reader can conclude that the Duke was a controlling husband. Lines 50 onwards tell the reader that the Duke is looking for a new wife and the person whom he is showing the painting to, is the assistant or messenger of a Count whose daughter the Duke is eyeing as a prospective wife. The talk he would have later with the Count would be about the arrangement of his next marriage (My Last Duchess Discussion).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Duke represents the traditional male and his attitude towards his late wife mirrors the attitude and expectations of a patriarchal and Victorian society towards women in his monologue. The society of that time expected women to simply obey. She should only reserve her charms for her husband. She must not even try to be beautiful in her own painting. The mere act of being happy, pleasant to anyone regardless of rank and stature in life, and to love the simple pleasures in life as watching the sunset or riding a mule in the case of the Duchess, were all considered acts of unfaithfulness. In short, it was a sin to be naturally beautiful and to have a happy disposition. Men liked to control their wives. Being the only one who could open the curtain to reveal the painting of his beautiful and smiling late wife is symbolic of how this man would do anything to control his wife. If he couldn’t stop his wife from smiling at anyone when she was still alive, at least when she was dead and only lived through her painting the Duke could finally decide as to whom to share his wife’s smiles and charms. Through the painting done by a master, she has also became the expensive commodity that she should have been while living, but a role of which she never assumed because she stooped to being accessible to anyone, much to the disappointment of her husband, the Duke. Noble women should assume the position that their rank in society expected them to and this meant they should be unreachable in the eyes of commoners. They should not be easily pleased with trifle matters like favors from servants. Finally, the talk of arranging his new marriage with the father of his future bride suggests how women were not allowed to express an opinion even to the important topic of whom to spend the rest of their life with. Women were commodities traded upon by men and they have price tags called dowries. By showing the Count’s emissary the painting of his former wife and telling him why he didn’t like her conduct sends the message as to how he expects his next wife to behave. Otherwise, she might become another Last Duchess, another hidden painting in the house. Therefore, this monologue, like many of Browning’s monologues, reflects on his interpretations of his society.   However, by using a character’s reflections on a particular thought, Browning can somewhat mask his inner feelings and thoughts.   The aspects of his reflections come across clearly, and in this monologue, Browning is obviously taking a deeper look at the treatment of women. Work Cited Browning, Robert. My Last Duchess.   2009 April 21. 2011 May 4. http://barney.gonzaga.edu/~jdavis6/poem.html. My Last Duchess Analysis.   2007 January 7. 2011 May 4. http://barney.gonzaga.edu/~joliver/mylastduchess1.htm My Last Duchess Discussion.   2008 May 14.   2011 May 4. http://www.englishforums.com/English/LastDutchessDepthAnalysis

Challenges for Measuring Fear of Crime

Challenges for Measuring Fear of Crime A case study on the difficulty and the progress of measuring fear of crime Fear of crime has been the centre of attention of scientific inquiry for nearly half a century. Scholars in this field have argued that fear of crime is directly correlated to experiences of deviant activity (Blakin, 1979; Skogan Maxfiend, 1981). Additionally, fear of crime was also reasoned in terms of the risk an individual is exposed to (Jackson, 2005). Others have focused on explaining fear of crime in terms of the influence of environmental factors (Wyant, 2008). Although there has been extensive research in terms of explaining fear of crime, contemporary scholars have recognised methodological limitations when analysing it (Farrall, 2005; Gray, Jackson and Farrall, 2008). For instance, fear of crime was measured as a dichotomous response (yes or no) to fear of crime. One example includes the questions that were asked in the British Crime Survey (BCS, now called the Crime Survey for England and Wales, CSEW): How safe do you feel walking alone in this area after dark?. Therefore, this paper will argue what limitations these old measurements have when measuring fear of crime, as well as discuss how the new methods of analysis contribute to the better understanding of fear of crime. Firstly, this essay will draw upon the limitations of measuring fear of crime. This includes discussing the problem with defining fear of crime. Secondly, this essay will explain what progress researchers in this field made in terms of measuring fear of crime. This i ncludes how and why these advances improved researchers understanding of fear of crime, as well as how these new methods improved the validity and reliability of measuring fear of crime. Lastly, this essay will identify some examples from the literature, in terms of how these new measures have enabled researchers to conduct better studies of measuring fear of crime. This includes the female and male paradoxes, among others. DEFINITION Although many attempts have been made by scholars to define fear of crime, there remains a confusion as to what fear of crime means, due to the reason that there is not a universal definition in place. Therefore, because there is no general agreed definition of fear of crime upon researchers, questions differ from survey to survey, serving as a limitation to the way it is measured. For instance, Ditton et al., (1999) defined fear as a term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ encompassing a confusing variety of feelings, perspectives and risk-estimations and thus meaning different things to different people. Ferraro and LaGrange (1987) defined fear of crime as the negative emotional reaction generated by crime or symbols associated with crime. Ferraro (1995 cited in Gray et al., 2011) also defined it as emotional response of dread or anxiety to crime. From these two definitions, aside from the fact that they are both quite outdated definitions of fear of crime, they are also very simplified definitions, as they only focus on the term fear of crime, being generated only from criminal activity. However, more contemporary definitions of fear of crime were provided by Gray et al., (2010). They defined fear of crime by making two significant distinctions in terms of fear of crime as everyday worries and fear of crime as anxiety. The way they explained fear of crime, not only widens the spectrums in terms of what it is categorised as fear, but it also enables researchers to evaluate and conduct studies using more specific definitions, further allowing them to better understand this topic. OLDER MEASUREMENTS OF FEAR OF CRIME To begin with It is important to mention how the two way of measuring fear of crime had emerged from the theoretical point of view. Firstly, the old standard measurement of fear of crime, which started to emerge in the 1960s, developed from positivist ideas, by using data-driven models of research (Lorenc et al., 2014, p12). Additionally, it has also used observational research in order to identify factors which causes fear (Lorenc et al., 2014). Secondly, the new measurements, were developed on a more critical basis, using the foundation of sociology and criminology. Furthermore, the new development of measurement of fear of crime was also determined by the feminist ideas, as it explores a variety of attitudes and anxieties, that people experience in their daily lives fear (Lorenc et al., 2014). Although these two measurement of fear of crime, were developed from two different theories, the way they measured crime also different. For instance, the old positivist measurement, focused primarily on quantitative surveys, whereas the new critical measurements focused primarily on qualitative and ethnographic studies (Lorenc et al., 2014). With regards to, more recent research on the measurement fear of crime, both qualitative and quantitative research were used, in order to obtain more accurate and reliable data (Gray et al.,). The traditional single questions used to measure fear of crime is identified by researchers to be a formless measure, as it does not make any reference to real or specific offences. Therefore, it is still not certain if those question measured fear of crime, or measured any other approach (Ferraro LaGrange, 1987). For instance, on the British Crime Survey in 1995 questions such as How fearful are you when walking alone at night? were asked. Fearful is ambiguous in this question. The fear expressed by respondents may be about their physical or psychological circumstances, such as having a bad vision at night. In addition, the fear may also be expressed due to other factors, such as low street lightning. Therefore, it could be argued that those type of questions are mainly about fear of personal safety, rather than fear about crime (Radar, 2004). Questions about the validity of the instruments used to collect the data were also raised by various researchers (Gray et al., 1997 and Skogan Maxfiend, 1981). Additionally, the concept of fear of crime is being amplified from the research conducted via surveys (Farrall et al., 1997: 665-666). Furthermore, although some may argue that the traditional questions do measure fear of crime, those questions only measure general fear of crime, and not fear of certain type of offences (Gray et a.,). Therefore, participants might respond to questions based on offences they have experienced or offences they think about, rather than give specific, narrow answers. For instance, someone might think street robbery, while others might think of rape. It is important to specify the type of crime in questions about fear of crime, because the level of fear of crime that respondents experience, depend on different offences. One study shows that respondents expressed a higher level of fear of being a victim of burglary, when compared to the fear of being murdered (Warr and Stafford, 1983). It was also found that womens main reason of worry was being a victim of sexual attacks (Ferraro and Jackson, 1995). Nevertheless, the dichotomous single questions provide only two answers for respondents to choose from: yes or no. Therefore, it is difficult, if not impossible to precisely pinpoint the exact fears of crime experiences by the respondents. Additionally, because these questions measure broad areas, it is difficult to generalise different studies (Lane et al., 2014). For example, there is extensive research to show that females express a higher level of worry when are alone in the night, when compared to men (Ferraro, 1995). However, it can be argued that, the only reason women may express higher levels of fear is only because they are alone in the night, and not because females generally express a higher level of fear of crime. There is also a problem with perceived risk and fear of crime, in the formless measurements. For instance, LaGrange and Ferraro (1989) made a clear district ion between fear of crime and perceived risk. However, before this distinction, the surveys made no differentiation between these two concepts. Researchers who wanted to measure perceived risk of crime, used the same form of measurement used for fear of crime (La Grange and Ferraro, 1989). Also others have tried to measure fear of crime, as well as perceived risk of victimisation but they failed to distinguished between the two (Ferraro and Jackson, 1995). This could cause problems with the validity of the answers, as respondents might respond to experience of perceived risk, as fear of crime (Ferraro and Jackson, 1995). Various researcher also identified the problem with time. The earlier questions to measure fear of crime, does not include any time period; frequency (Farrall and Ditton, 1999). Due to this, some respondents might refer to their fear of crime, from an incident that happened years ago, while other might refer to an incident they witness recently (Nair, 1993). Problems with differentiating between frequency that fear of crime happens and the intensity of fear of crime also arises. These considerations are important because it is important to be able to make the distinguish between people who fear crime intensively and the frequency to which they experience those fears (Gray et al., 2008). Hough (2004) however opposes the view that these type of questions, require the need to know more about the frequency. He argues that researching the intensity of the fear is more important, than researching the frequency of the fear. He stated that: When we talk about mental states such as anxiety or worry, we are concerned with intensity, not frequency. Leaving aside acute anxiety attacks, anxiety is not comprised of a series of events that can be located in space and time (Hough, 2004, pp. 174). Although some researcher opposes the fact that frequency should be acknowledged when measuring fear of crime, Farrall (1997 cited in Jackson, 2008) found that when giving the respondents the opportunity to express their perceptions and feelings in detail (i.e. qualitative interview), showed that anxieties were happening rare. On the contrary, the old standard measurements revealed a more exaggerates image of the anxieties that respondents experience in their day to day life (Farrall, 1997 cited in Jackson, 2008). Old standard measures used to also ask respondents for a summary of the intensity of their worries. Researchers argued that, it is difficult to put emotions into writing, especially when the traditional questions were not clear, but where rather general (Jackson, 2005). Additionally, there is a problem with over-estimating the fear of crime. Researchers found that traditional measurements of fear of crime tend to exaggerate the results of the respondents. The reasons why this fear was amplified in the surveys, was because respondents summarised their most vivid and threatening experience of fear of crime as well as overestimated the frequency of those threatening experiences (Jackson, 2005). One example is from the 1995 British Crime Survey. it was found that there was a strong link between fear of crime, the experience of crime (which is either direct or indirect) and offences such a vandalism and drug use (Hough, 1995). Additionally, it was also found that fear of vehicle crime and mugging has increased since 1982 (Hough, 1995). It is difficult to say if those questions were accurately measured, due to the type of questions asked. NEWER MEASUREMENTS OF FEAR OF CRIME Various researchers have since modified the old standard questions used in the surveys such as British Crime Survey (Gray et el., 2008), as well as researchers who wanted to investigate fear of crime in their studies (Warr and Stafford, 1983, Fisher and May, 2008). For instance, Fisher and May (2009). They conducted a study, and asked questions about fear of four particular offences, rather than asking about fear of crime in general. By this, Fisher and May (2009) minimized the changes of obtaining measurement error, as respondents only had to measure fear of crime in relation to those type of crime. Furthermore, this type of questions not only diminishes the chances of measurement error, but also improves validity and reliability of data obtained from those responses (Jackson, 2005). Lastly, this also makes the questions clear and unambiguous, unlike the standard old measures of fear of crime. Other researchers such as Smith and Hill (1991) developed questions which have more specific context; such as: inside, outside, day, night, etc. These type of questions also adds to the validity and reliability of the questions, when compared to the non-specific questions. The scale of which the questions are answered was also modified in order to obtain more accurate and more unambiguous responses on fear of crime. For instance, the traditional questions used a two way answer (yes;no), whereas the new questions used the Likert-scale questions (Lane et al., 2014). For examples, researchers such as Fisher and Sloan (2003) used for their studies a 10-point scale (such as 1 being not afraid and 10 being very afraid). Gray et al., (2008) also used Liked scale (i.e. 1 being not worried and 5 being very worried). The new measurements of fear of crime also include questions about frequency and intensity of the fear/worry/anxiety felt by the respondents. These new questions were not taken into account when the old standard questions were used. However, when the new questions started to be integrated into the fear of crime measurement questions about the frequency and intensity of fear of crime, it could be seen that fear of crime was not as frequent as one might think, as often respondents answers using the traditional survey was exaggerated due to the measurement error caused (Farrall et al., 2004). Nevertheless, the standards question, never asked the frequency of the fear, until the new measurements of fear of crime started to take control (Gray et al.; Jackson, 2005). The newer critical measurements of fear of crime used in its questions terms such as worry, rather than fear of anxiety (Jackson, 2005). It is suggested that although it is difficult to predict how respondents understand these terms, terms such as fear or anxiety could have a negative impact, as well as ambiguous responses to questions. One reason for this could be because fear is understood, as a present respond to a stimulus, as well as anxiety. It is believed that these two words have a strong significance, which in turn could have a negative impact on peoples responses (i.e. exaggeration) (Jackson, 2005). However, the term worry could be a better word due to the fact that it includes a mental state, a concern about potential danger à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a chain of thoughts and images about an unpleasant and uncertain outcome (Jackson, 2005, p. 301). Although it is believed by researchers (Farrell, 1997; Gray et al, 2008; Jackson, 2005) that the newer forms of measuring fear of crime are more accurate, some researchers still argue that even these measures have its flaws. Due to these flaws, these measures can lack validity and reliability. Some people might be more influenced, than other by certain factors, which in turn can make them report a higher level of worry (Jackson, 2005). For instance, those who reported the highest level of worry, were most likely to live in the low crime areas, experience fewer victimisation levels, as well as know fewer people who experience crime (Jackson et al, 2008 cited in Farrall and Lee, 2008). Media is also believed to be an important factor, which influences peoples perception of fear of crime, as well as perceived risk. Also, knowing people who have been exposed to victimisation can also increase respondents fear of crime. (Jackson et al., 2008 cited in Farrall and Lee, 2008). THE BENEFITS OF USING NEW MEASUREMENTS OF FEAR OF CRIME However, although researchers believe these new forms of measurements can also attract ambiguous responses, these measurements, are the most advanced and accurate methods that exist today to measure fear of crime. For instance, due to the advancements of measuring fear of crime, it allowed researchers to distinguish between experiential and expressive fear of crime (Jackson et al., 2009). The experiential being the former, whilst the expressive fear of crime being the latter. A research was conducted and it was found that on one hand lower income areas with more crimes, experienced more experiential fear of crime, whilst on the other hand it has was found the expressive far was correlated with the sympathy expressed for the victims (Jackson et. al, 2009). These conclusions were drawn using questions about experience of fear of crime, as well as the frequency of fear experience by the respondents (Jackson et al., 2009). Additionally, Jackson (2008 cited in Farrall and Lee, 2008) also identified functional fear. This is when individuals who are worried about crime, in order to protect themselves, take precautionary measures, which in turn it does not affect their daily life, but makes it better. The new methods of measuring fear of crime were also beneficial in terms of distinguishing between the levels of fear of crime amongst men and women. For instance, it is well known about the fear paradox. References Balkin, S. (1979). Victimization Rates, Safety and Fear of Crime. Social Problems, 26(3), pp.343-358. Ditton, J., Bannister, J., Gilchrist, E. And Farrall, S. (1999). Afraid or Angry? Recalibrating the fear of Crime. International Review of Victimology, 6(2), pp.83-99. Farrall, S. And Ditton, J. (1999). Improving the measurement of attitudinal responses: An example from a crime survey. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2(1), pp.55-68 Ferraro, K. And Grange, R. (1987). The Measurement of Fear of Crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57(1), pp.70-97. Gray, E., Jackson, J. And Farrall, S. (2008). Reassessing the Fear of Crime. European Journal of Criminology, 5(3), pp.363-380. Gray, E., Jackson, J. And Farrall, S. (2010). Feelings and Functions in the Fear of Crime: Applying a New Approach to Victimisation Insecurity. British Journal of Criminology, 51(1), pp.75-94. Hough, M. (2004). Worry about crime: mental events or mental states?. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 7(2), pp.173-176 Jackson, J. (2005). Validating New Measures of the Fear of Crime. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(4), pp.297-315. Jackson, P. And Ferraro, K. (1995). Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Contemporary Sociology, 25(2), p.246. Lagrange, r. And ferraro, k. (1989). Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime. Criminology, 27(4), pp.697-720. Lane, J., Rader, N., Henson, B. And May, D. (2014). Fear of crime in the United States: Causes, Consequences, and Contradictions. 1st ed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Nair, G., Ditton, J. And Phillips, S. (1993). Environmental Improvements and the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 33(4), pp.555-561. Rader, n. (2004). The threat of victimization: a theoretical reconceptualization of fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 24(6), pp.689-704. Skogan, W. And Maxfield, M. (1981). Coping with crime. 1st ed. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Warr, M. And Stafford, M. (1983). Fear of Victimization: A Look at the Proximate Causes. Social Forces, 61(4), pp.1033-1043 Wyant, B. (2008). Multilevel Impacts of Perceived Incivilities and Perceptions of Crime Risk on Fear of Crime: Isolating Endogenous Impacts. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45(1), pp.39-64.

Youth Subcultures and Clubbing

Youth Subcultures and Clubbing What is So Good About Clubbing? Introduction Hyder (1995) has argued that clubbing is one of the major forms of youth consumption and experience in towns and cities across the UK. Clubbing is so popular among the young that it is now a billion pound industry which is growing all the time, and which is indulged in by both employed and unemployed alike. Many youngsters spend their time counting the hours to Friday night when they can start dancing the weekend away, with an increasing number also becoming involved with soft drug taking. This assignment will investigate the growing tendency for many young people to plan their lives around the clubbing scene. It will look at a number of studies on this to try and ascertain why young people feel the need to live their lives in this way and to attempt to find an answer to the question â€Å"What is so good about clubbing?† Youth Subcultures Traditionally, sociologists regarded youth as the transition stage between childhood and adulthood. This is the generally accepted functionalist view of youth. Youth provides a link between the transmitted values of childhood and the changing values of adulthood. Eisenstadt (1956) maintained that young people dealt with this conflict through different dress styles and value sets. This helped them to deal with the transition in distinguishing themselves from their parents and at the same time it provided them with their own standards by which they would live their lives. However, functionalists did not deal with separate groups of young people, rather they saw this process as a function of everyone making that transition. Because these problems are faced by each succeeding generation of young people it leads to the development of a distinctive youth culture (Moore, 1996). The Marxist approach however, stresses the content of youth culture and the difference in social backgrounds. Cohen (1972) undertook one of the earliest Marxist studies into what he referred to as youth subcultures. While this study was restricted to youths in East London much of what he had to say has been drawn on time and again by people working in both sociology and in cultural studies. Cohen believed that in order to truly understand youth subcultures they needed to be examined both in their immediate context and in the wider context. Lea and Young (1984) maintain that youth subcultures reflect a multiplicity of groups that are not entirely divorced from the wider society, rather they reflect what is going on at a wider level. The Macro/Micro and Clubbing What is going on in the world affects how youth subcultures develop. In contemporary Britain there is a far more individualist and hedonistic attitude than at any other time since the Second World War. This hedonism or pleasure for pleasure’s sake is reflected in the increasing number of young people whose lives revolve around clubbing. Thus Cohen was right when he said that in order to understand youth subcultures one had to examine the local (micro) context and the wider (macro) context. Increasingly clubbing is seen by many theorists as a response to and consequence of city life. Skelton and Valentine (1998) interviewed three young people who visited different clubs. The researchers found that some young people often indulged in marijuana and alcohol before visiting a club, to put them in the right mood. Ecstasy is often used in certain strands of clubbing (Saunders, 1995). The researchers found that many young people felt the need to be part of a group in a narrow context rather than a stranger in the outside world and many of them would take soft drugs in order to do this. Parker (2003) undertook a study on young people, clubbing and drug taking, in three venues in the North West of England. The first was a city centre club with a large lesbian and gay customer base, another was situated on the edge of the city and played different types of dance music, the third was originally an out of town leisure centre but now hosted different hardcore rave type events. The s tudy was interested in young people’s safety but concentrated on those youngsters who danced and used drugs. The study sought to understand ways of researching an illegal activity on a large-scale, and in semi-private settings such as night clubs. Drug taking was common and some youngsters would be clubbing all weekend. Other studies have found that the practices of clubbing involve their own norms and rules such as competence in movement and dancing (Crossley, 1995). Clubbers develop their own norms and rules as a means of resistance. Herman and Ott (2003) found that clubbing, and particularly rave clubs, were both sites and means of resistance for those young people who were feeling alienated from mainstream society. Although Brewster and Broughton (2000) have noted that while clubbing is good, a rave is an idealized form of clubbing because its proponents believe they are beginning something new. Herman and Ott (2003) found that clubbing, to some extent involved a loss of self as boundaries between individuals were fragmented or overcome and the clubbers became as one community. They also found that this communal sense was enhanced by the taking of ecstasy – a particular favourite of the rave clubs because it was not just a drug, rather it raised consciousness among those who took it. Jackson (2003) maintains that clubbing is an important social experience that deserves further explanation. As we saw earlier clubbing has its rules of movement and dance, thus clubbing is a very physical experience and this makes it an embodied experience and thus and important source of social knowledge. Clubbing is uniquely related to the city, it is part of the city at night and as Alvarez (1996) argues this is a time when the city comes alive – clubbing is an important part of that life: Night in the city is time out – time for leisure and intimacy, family and lovers, hobbies and pastimes, reading and music and television. It is also the time for excitement and celebration: theatres, movies, concerts and party–going, wining, dining, dancing and gambling. For people who hold down boring or unsatisfactory jobs, night is the time when they feel they lead their real lives (Alvarez, 1996, p.295). It is upon this understanding of the city and the night that clubbing is built. Clubbing makes young people feel alive it is therefore an integral part of their ‘real’ lives. Jackson (2003) maintains that contrary to much popular thinking, clubbing is not confined to youth and youth subcultures – rather it is part of the wider social mileu in which these things have their existence. Parker’s (2003)[1] study also suggested that this might be the case as in the initial survey research some clubbers were in their fifties which can hardly be described as young. Jackson (2003) argues that having a wider age range shows the historical aspect of clubbing and how it may have changed over time. The change from clubs as private, late night drinking establishments to places where entertainment was on the agenda and marijuana and ecstasy later became key elements of this scene, is what interested promoters in the marketability of the clubbing scene as a mainstream leisure pursuit (Jackson, 2003). Conclusion Clearly clubbing can no longer be regarded as the preserve of youth sub cultures, rather it is something that is enjoyed by a variety of groups, each of whom find something that appeals to them and is an enjoyable part of their experience. It is arguably the case that clubbing can have the effect of making a person part of an elite group. On the other hand, clubs are such that they can also provide space to individuals who are tired of the lack of this in the busy cities in which they live. Clubbing allows people to let their hair down and to indulge in alcohol, illicit soft drugs, and dancing. Clubs are a place where you can meet others or be by yourself and it is this universality of experience that makes clubbing good for a large number of people. Bibliography Alvarez, A. 1996, Night: An Exploration of Night Life, Night Language, Sleep and Dreams, London: Vintage. Brewster, B., Broughten, F. 2000. Last night a dj saved my life: the history of the disc jockey. New York: Grove Press. Cohen, P 1972 Sub-Cultural Conflict and Working Class Community Working Papers in Cultural Studies No.2 University of Birmingham Crossley, N. 1995 Body techniques, agency and intercorporeality: on Goffmans Relations in Public, Sociology 29, 1:133-49. Eisenstadt, S 1956 From Generation to Generation New York, Free Press Herman, B and Ott, B 2003 â€Å" Mixed Messages: Resistance and Reappropriation in Rave Culture† Western Journal of Communication Vol 67 2003 Hyder, K. 1995 Ecstasys deadly cocktails, Observer, 13 August: 10 Jackson, P 2003 Inside Clubbing: The Art of Being Human New York, Berg Lea, J and Young, J 1984 What is to be Done About Law and Order Harmondsworth, Penguin Moore, S 1996 Investigating Crime and Deviance London, Collins Educational Parker, H 2003 Dancing on Drugs The Sociological Review Saunders, N. 1993 E for Ecstasy, London: Neals Yard Press. 1995  Ecstasy and the Dance Culture, London: Neals Yard Press. Skelton, T and Valentine, G eds 1998 Cool Places: Geographies of Youth Cultures London, Routledge. Footnotes [1] The survey was a means of reaching those who were aged 30 and under. Members of the younger group were then selected for interview.

Essay --

Should an age limit be placed on child beauty pageants? Every Wednesday night, millions tune into TLC to see Toddlers & Tiaras and of course their ‘Crazy Pageant Mums’. The series has run for 6 seasons so far and follows the preparation before the pageants and the contests. The TLC hit has failed to show the dark side of child beauty pageants and the dangers that come with it. The show doesn’t show the 6am starts and the near starvation beforehand. This puts immense stress on the children and that is why I believe there should be a law which stops parents entering children into pageants under the age of 8. On one hand, many parents, promoters and judgers of such competitions believe that the beauty version of the Hunger Games is good for the young children. They believe that it creates confidence in the girls and helps them embrace themselves. It also is good for their self-esteem and attitude. It gives the girls a sense of structure and routine in their lives and prepares them for adult hood. On the other hand, people believe that it sexualizes children far too early and puts them ...

Challenges of Digital Age Essay -- Essays Papers

Challenges of Digital Age Technology over the years has drastically changed. For many people things like the Internet, digital cameras, and cell phones with Internet capabilities are very foreign items. These changes in technology are improving the world that we live in by making many things in our lives much easier and more efficient. An example would be a student in search of materials for a school project. Instead of having to go to the library they are able to just get online and find everything that is needed for them to complete the project. However there are also challenges which our society faces in the wake of this new technology. The effort to make our society run mostly on digital technology is very efficient yet it also lacks in many areas. The three greatest challenges of the digital age are problems encountered with meeting people online, file sharing, and the lack of knowledge between generations because not everyone has grown up with a digitalized world therefore causing problems when trying t o fully immerse our society. Over the years the internet has brought new ways to meet and keep in touch with many around the world. The creation of online communities has become increasingly popular. Chat rooms, singles sites, myspace, thefacebook, AIM as well as many others have given people ways to meet and connect with others and has eliminated some of the challenges of meeting people in person. Relationships online seem to be easier because there is no face to face contact and therefore if something is not working within the relationship it is easier to stop talking to the person then if they had a personal relationship. However is it a good idea to actually meet the person who you get along with so well online, i... ...are not benefiting from their work. This is a problem, which our society faces because a lot of things are becoming available to us in digital files. People becoming able to access music, movies, television shows, pictures, etc. just by getting online. This is an issue that needs to be addressed as the digital age continues. The generation gaps, which are within society today greatly, effect the increase in digital technology. The three greatest challenges of the digital age are problems encountered with meeting people online, file sharing, and the lack of knowledge between generations because not everyone has grown up with a digitized world therefore causing problems when trying to fully immerse our society. In order for many to understand hpw digital technology is affecting society they first have to be willing to understand it which many do not yet want to do.

The Myths Created by Stories :: Personal Narrative Papers

The Myths Created by Stories Life as it now exists on Earth, including the simplest bacteria, was obviously derived from a single origin (Mayr, 40). ¡Ã‚ ± This idea of a  ¡Ã‚ °single origin ¡Ã‚ ± has been the instigating factor for the split and ongoing battle between the creationists and the evolutionists, between those who believe God created mankind, and those who believe in the pure science of evolution. It is as if believing in a single source will validate either one of the schools of thought; superiority will come when one side finally convinces the other side of their argument. I was raised Catholic. I do not remember being told any sort of evolution story. Whether this was a purposeful exclusion or a matter of forgetfulness is to be determined. I learned that in seven days God created the earth and made man. That was the story presented, and it seemed reasonable. As I grew up, it seemed more like the story of Santa Clause or the tooth fairy, something that was told to me, something I took to heart, and was years later informed of its falsity, all as a matter of forcing me into a sense of maturity. Third graders could not believe in Santa Clause. I held onto the myth because it felt good, and I received presents, and no one can argue with the positive of receiving presents. Eventually, maturity replaces the myth, and we move forward. Forgetting the stories of our childhood, or at least revising them, leads us to a forward motion, to a more adult way of being. I suppose this is what happened with my religious beliefs. I am revising them to adapt to my newfound adult way of being. To believe without fully understanding is not to completely believe, and trying to understand evolution as it is presented is difficult with the implication that it may be just another myth I will later have to come to terms with and revise. The idea of understanding is an on-going process, as the story of evolution is also an on-going process. Stories are meant to be revised. They are also meant to have a beginning, middle, and an end. The story of evolution conflicts with the concept of storytelling, of writing stories, yet it is still a story that has survived and will continue to survive. It appeals because it does not have an end.

Leadership in the Public Policy Making Process Essay

Leadership is a momentous role to have when it comes to how an agency handles actions and policies. Effective leaders can increase organizational efficiency, provide greater direction for employees, help members of an organization realize their potential, and improve organizational culture (Cropf, 2008, p233). It is possible for a leader to be low down in the organizational framework as well as at the top. An organization must determine what is needed for its leaders to be effective and what requirements will address those needs. Leadership is needed in a number of areas in public service: (1) developing a clear vision for the organization, (2) working across multiple constituencies, (3) recognizing social and ethical values, (4) creating vibrant organizational networks, (5) enhancing organizational performance, and (6) maintaining democratic values (Cropf, 2008, p 234). Leaders is recognized a need to have certain values, encourages and help build an environment where teamwork is normal, motivates and inspires others, has a vision, helps to motivate to work toward the vision, and has a lasting change. Executives who exhibit leadership qualities beyond their assigned status exercise influence through both positional authority and personal authority (Cropf, 2008, p237). Leaders have the qualities that it takes to build the correct team. A leader may not have all the needed skills to accomplish a task but by building relationships, the right person would be motivated to assist with the completion of the vision. Public Policy and Leadership Public policy transformational leaders who exhibit charisma would be a great talent. These leaders help to motivate others to their way of thinking. They can have a vision but through relationships, they tend to enthuse followers with a commitment that can be extraordinary. It is through this type of motivation that difficult or visions that are not thought to be possible are accomplished. President John F. Kennedy was a charismatic transformational leader. When he gave his Inaugural Address, he offered the memorable injunction: â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you–ask what you can do for your country† (Beschloss, 2009). As a leader, he challenged an entire country to see and realize his vision. That is a great establishment of objectives and priorities of public policy. President John F. Kennedy made sure his team was aware of a clearly defined vision or purpose for the country. At a time when government and nonprofits aim to â€Å"work better and cost less,† understanding the many ways in which leadership works is a necessary tool for effective administration (Cropf, 2008 p 233). Public policy may not get a leader with all the desired qualifications like military experience or foreign policy. True leaders would not need to have this experience to be an effective leader because they would have the skills to motivate those who do and that would allow for a leader without this experience. The Current U. S. President Barrack Obama has not served in the military but was elected President in time of War. This is credence to his charisma and ability to get people to follow and support his vision. Conclusion  When you are looking at public policy and its leaders, it could be the president of the United States or the manager of the local Department of Motor Vehicles or even a librarian. It is how the person has a vision, sees the vision, relates and motivates other to believe in the vision that determines the leaders. It is different than being a manager but public policy is an area where vision is key and the ability to see that vision to the completion is a must. Leaders not only see what is best for them but what is best for organizations, countries, or constituents.

Social Work Management and Its Relevance to the Social Work Profession

SOCIAL be wedded counsel AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIAL rifle PROFFESSION LAUREN DA SILVA Introduction. .. 4 The loving incline avocation . 5 school recallbook editionlist-item schoolbooklist-item textlist-item textlist-item comment of direction.. textlist-item What is fond throw focussing?. 8 textlist-item textlist-item Case take a sever direction in atomic number 53 fashion companionship swear pop out 13 textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item Conclusion.. 9 Appendix 1. 20 key out of Sources.. 21 INTRODUCTION perplexity and the matter and refinement of focal point in mannikinations atomic number 18 by no direction a young force theatre of operations of act upon. Basic eithery, as long as benevolents universes provoke been organizing themselves in multitudes to corporealize a commons purpose or goal, roughwhat form of wariness has been active to keep things under catch, running play swimmingly and mor e(prenominal) than in effect.In fact, ane of the earlier recordings of a vigilance technique digest be found in the Christian Bible in chapter 18 (verse 25) of the book of Exodus where after encountering numerous capers resulting from be the completely direct report to millions of Israelite tribe, Moses decides to rich almost champion cap able-bodied men from two Israel and do them leading of the passel, attainicials over thousands, hundreds, fifties and tens (Exodus 1825 New International Version).Considering watchfulness has been manipulation by military man civilisation since the beginning of its initiation (even if it is d sensation e actu onlyy last(predicate) unwittingly), I find it rather affect that equal as a field of bailiwick has only been in creative activity since a tour 1890, when Frederick Taylor developed the Scientific focussing Theory, which characterized the emphasis on scientific mea authenticment of parturiencys and character of extremely mechanized, crowd line and routine activities by snuff iters (Very picture History of worry Theories). From amongst 1930 and 1950 Taylors attention surmisal began to give focussing to Max Webbers Bureaucratic Management Theory.He foc single-valued functiond on dividing formations into hierarchies, establishing buckram lines of authority and view (Very apprize History of Management Theories) and emphasized detailed, inter mixtureable operational anatomical structures with in truth(prenominal) little representation of breeding for flexibility (Very sketch history of instruction theories). From then on human rights groups exchangeable trade unions began to heavily bewitch governments which in turn began creating command which reacted to these inhuman worry structures. Human resource di slews were added to companies and it became common to consort the prosperity of the cheek to the welf atomic number 18 of its employees.Added to this, break throug hs make in the human sciences fields of demand played a strong diagno guessnce in helping circumspection to assure and take into consideration the rents of body of crapers (Very brief history of oversight theories). So, with the momentum that counselling as a field of m mapping has gained over the past century and the sap that it has left over(p) on schemeal surgery (hope amply for the wear out) as it has developed, its rele cutting edgece to the br a nonher(prenominal)ly acidulate take a leak is an important study of talk overion.Over the course of this assignment I ordain be critically discussing tender mold guidance and its rele cutting edgece to the genial break d make up vocation. I will similarly use a baptistery study to rationalise how caution make fors the intensity and aptitude inwardly integrity flair club transaction (the non adforefrontce governing body with which I thrust been placed for my practical acidify for this year) . I will start off by introducing the br separately educate art as it will be discussed in this es verbalize, particul go ondally within the scene of non-profit brasss.I will then define caution as it is applied to both for and non -profit fundamental laws and how these practices influence the achievement of non profit disposals. Then, I will define societal wrick attention itemally and its rele vance to the genial resolve profession. Finally I will discuss the influence of favorable cash in ones chips counseling on sociable welf atomic number 18 emolument intensity level within the non-profit organisation with whom I become been placed for my practical hunt down ( peerless mien connection serve) in the beginning I conclude with some final thoughts on loving blend in charge.THE SOCIAL realise PROFESSION In order to actualise the relevance of loving piddle instruction to the genial excogitate profession, I tint that it is of importance to nec essitate a undefendable pinch of the history of the well-disposed work profession, how it is currently define and the scope it departs in. textlist-item textlist-item When Christianity was legalized by Emperor Constantine the first, the perform started setting up poor houses, orphanages and homes for the epoch-worn and these were funded in part with grants from the Roman Empire.By 590, the early church had an realized formation of circulating food and consumables to the poor. In the warmness Ages, giving to the poor was considered part of unrivalleds religious duty and although it was common to give items like food and c carve uphing, the stand occasions of pauperisation however, were neer addressed (History of genial work Wikipedia). textlist-item As a profession, affectionate work began in the nineteenth century in America and the linked Kingdom in the main because the poor were seen as threatening to the tender order.When the industrial mutation began, th e leap in engine room and science in like manner led to change magnitude migration to urban beas which in turn lead to growingd neighborly problems which naturally lead to an increase in kind activism. The settlement bm, during this age foc apply on the causes of poverty Research, illuminate and residence. They rund educational, legal and health operate that advocated reforms in accessible insurance. Workers in the settlement movement pioneered the immersement of players in the culture of those they were helping.Two pioneers in the establishment of social work as a profession were Mary capital of Virginia (Mary Richmonds Charity Organization Society) and Jane Addams (Jane Addamss Settlement sign of the zodiac Movement). They debated whether or non problems should be taken from a scientific method (Richmond) or immersion into the problem which blurred the confines between superior and client (History of affectionate Work Wikipedia). The first social work class w as offered at the University of Columbia in 1898 and in 1947 Lindeman affirmed criteria by which it could be seen as an actual profession.In 1957, Lindeman exposit social work as universe a profession however on the lower end of the development continuum. encyclopedia of complaisant Work(in SCK 407-G psychoanalyze repoint 13). After a few decades of the change magnitude formalisation of social work, and an increased reasonableness of the acquirement it requires to consider large number fully and to assist them in helping themselves (SCK 407-G strike learn 14), Spiro et al (in SCK 407-G body of work Guide 14) describes social work as having achieved a full-fledged master status.Since then social doers catch taken the lead in exploitation programmes and poses that deplete make a going a air in the lives of hoi polloi in select (NASW History of complaisant Work). 2. 2 actual DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK The social work profession is described by the Internationa l Federation of affectionate Workers as a profession that promotes social change, problem solving in human descents and the authorisation and liberation of flock to enhance groovy- be.Utilising theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where hoi polloi interact with their surroundingss. Principles of human rights and social conscionableice ar wakeless to social work. (International Federation of Social workers commentary of social work) It is further delineate by the National association of social workers as the professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities to enhance or restore their cogency for social functioning and to piss societal conditions favourable to their goals. Zastrow (in SCK 102-X report lead 157) fundamentally, social work profession definitions all point to peoples relationship between themselves and their social purlieus, a c at one erarn for social functioning, problems, take, p olicy, institutions and sanitary macrocosm and ongoing fundamental interaction between individuals, groups and communities (SCK 102-X Study Guide 159). textlist-item The social work profession take ups to understand the contexts within which it plant life (SCK 407-G Study engineer 14), and for the purposes of this assignment, one of those contexts is the fundamental law.Social workers hardly ever run low by themselves, in isolation of some sort of establishment well-nigh of the prison term the system is a non-profit save it non unheard of to find a social worker being employed by a for-profit governing for the sake of the wellbeing of its employees. Organizations exist to meet the haves of people and as history has evolved, people have realized that human commands ar mend met with collective efforts (SCK 407-G Study guide 15) and social admits be no exception, hence social work is as well practiced in governments, particularly welf ar or non-profit disposa ls (SCK 407-G Study Guide 15).In addition to this, social workers actions ar authorise and bank billable to these governings (SCK 408-H Study Guide 13). A non-profit brass is characterized virtually signifi endtly by the fact that the people complex for a reason different than getting pecuniaryly (they argon actually banned from doing so) and that a non-profit validation usually meets a train or goal of the earth or a sub member of the earth that buy ats its existence (SCK 407-G Study Guide 17).As mentioned earlier, one case of non-profit agreement in which the social work operates in, is the well-being organization (and for the purposes of this assignment will be used inter-changeably with the term non-profit organization). Dealing with people immediately The core activities ar interactions between the general (customers) and the provide of the organization The results of the rendered divine serving argon difficult to predict There argon some interested par tied involved The organization is provideed by professional people all belonging to organized professions Organizations are highly dependent on their environments.Organizational factors influence how social work operate are organized, haveed and evaluated (SCK 407-G Study Guide 124) and so it makes sense that the perplexity of this organisational context would play a big image in the prime(a) of social work run that are rendered, the nigh section we will introduce the c erstpt of focussing and how effective trouble of a non-profit organization administrate amend its operate before exploring how a precise type of wariness (Social work dash), is special(prenominal)ally demand for the particular contends lining the social work profession within the non-profit organizational context.DEFINITION OF guidance Management is defined by dictionary. com as being The act, manner, or practice of managing handling, supervision, or verify centering of a crisis steerin g of factory workers the person or persons who control or direct a clientele or some opposite enterprise science in managing executive ability. (Dictionary. com Management) It is likewise defined by Kroontz & Weihrich (in SCK 408-H Study Guide 16) as the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals working together in groups, accomplish cost-effectively selected aims. From this definition we earth-closet infer a number of things Management helps to hasten & guide the actions of people and the use of resources towards accomplishing a specific goal. Management is accountable for creating an environment in which people move perform optimally consequently increase richness. Management keister be apply in whatsoever type of organization Management besides consists of 4 or so (depending on the source) basic perplexity tasks which are perfomed in order for every task that is carried out. These basic prudence tasks are proviso, organizatio n, activation & control. textlist-item Management has a number of benefits when used correctly in any organization, adapted from Weinbach (in SCK 408-H Study guide128) a number of which are listed below Management provides a structure for employee accountability. Management provides a structure for employee discipline. Management provides a structure for the co-ordination of a number of activities by a number of people all resulting in the feat of the desired goal. Management provides the structures and authority for evaluation of employee and organizational action.Management provides an reading material of where the organization stands within the enormouser environmental context Management structures provide guidelines for employee behaviour Management provides a vehicle for the emolument and expansion of employee k right offledge and skills. Aside from the many benefits counseling has for the organization as a solely, good solicitude is likewise associated with a numbe r of benefits experienced by employees. hither are a few as listed by Brian Amble (Benefits all round from good talent counselling) Employees watching at more engaged by their workEmployees tactile property more satisfied with their callings overall Employees as plastered more satisfied with their companies overall Employees are more likely to have pledge in the future of the organizations at which they are employed Employees have a affirmative impression of the people in commission smirchs they suppose that the work load is managed effectively and that people in senior positions lever the stimulant drug of all employees and see it as an important contri aloneion to the triumph of the organization. Employees feel a strong sense of affair securityEmployees feel that their carrying out is evaluated fairly Employees experience more feelings of ain accomplishment In summary, when employees are satisfied, productivity increases and when productivity is high in any ef frontery organization, it can be tell with great certainty that the commission of that organization is ful change its mathematical function in make sure that the organization is running as effectively and efficiently as practicable, resulting non only in a more competitive organization only if an organization that is a bring out place for its employees to work.WHAT IS SOCIAL WORK MANAGEMENT? Social work management is defined by Trecker (1971, in SCK 408-H Study Guide 16) as the following Social work presidency (management) is the process of working with people in slipway that vacate and relate their energies so that they use all available resources to accomplish the purpose of providing needed lodge service and programs. Here one can see that this definition that relates specifically to social work management however that the definition is exceptionally similar to those of management as stated in the earlier section in the following ways twain refer to the co-ordinati on of people and resources to facilitate the accomplishment of a specific goal. Both refer to the creation of an environment in which an organization and the people in the organization can function optimally (ensuring upper limit productivity).On first glance it would push through that management and social work management are two terms which refer to the same thing, but that is non actually the case. Although the functions of management and social work management are essentially the same, the struggle is that in the case of a non-profit or wel outlying(prenominal)e organization, although effective management is most decidedly required, social work management is the ideal. This is because succeeder for this type of organization requires more than just management, it requires a breadth of view, rooted in social work knowledge and set Teichman in Slavin (in SCK 407-G Study Guide 133).An article by Mind tools called Managing in non-profit organizations, states that film direct ors need more than just management skills to succeed and that they need a go along pinch of the very specific character of non-profit organizations (Managing in non-profit organizations). Teichman goes further to state that employing a private instructor instead of a social worker could actually have a negative impact on this type of organization. Teichman in Slavin (in SCK 407-H Study Guide 133).The purposes of a non-profit or welfare organization are scoop up accomplished when someone has a professional social work education and some experience. This in combination with a strong identification with social work values and ethics AND preparation in management is ideal and scarcely what a welfare organization needs to fully accomplish its goals in the most productive way possible (SCK 407-G Study Guide 133). textlist-item The relevance of social work management can be found when the extraordinary challenges facing non-profit and welfare organizations and the wider context in which these operate are considered. textlist-item A challenge facing social work management which does not exist in other organizations is the absence seizure of the profit motive. In for-profit organizations the motivation for the existence as well as own(prenominal) involvement in the organization is financial gain (profit), this motive does not usually exist in non-profit organizations as the organization exists to provide a service to others and if workers are remunerative employees, remuneration is mostly not as high as with for-profit organizations.For this reason it is fair to ordinate that people choose to work in non-profit organizations because they unwrap with the mission and/ or vision of the organization or because they have other personal reasons for joining the organization (it is important to step however that this is not always the case and there are some exceptions). It is thus important for social work management to understand what motivates their paid te am and to use this motivation to increase worker effectivity and expertness.Providing incentive that links the worker personally to the organizational mission rather than charge orientated incentives like promotion strength be more effective (Managing in non-profit organizations). A social worker in management is more qualified for this type of thing because social workers are peculiarly proficient in the art of soul people in their totality and these skills can easily be used in different contexts including management contexts. textlist-item In for-profit organizations, profit gives an overall eyeshade of force and competency of the organization as it is concrete and aristocratical to peak(SCK 407-G study guide 129). In non-profit organization it is not as easy to measure the effectiveness and skill of the organization as firstly, severally organization decides for itself-importance (depending on its vision and mission) what the criterion are.Social workers have an wages in that their understanding of human condition and the root causes of poverty and this might help them to quantify a way that would enable them to notice if the services of the non-profit organization in question have actually amend it. For this reason I believe that social work management is relevant to the social work profession. textlist-item In a non-profit organization income is not rightfully proportional to how many people make use of your product or services in comparison to for-profit organizations where this relationship is instantly proportional (SCK 407-G study guide 130).Non-profit organizations need to rely on grants from government and donations from other organizations and individuals in the public for the means to continue its existence (as nice finances are indispensible for the increased absolute frequency of service provision as well as the improvement in tone of voice of these services). An added dynamic is that non-profit organizations normally sta nd by with other organizations (discussed later), but have to compete for limited finances.This means that social work jitneys need to be very careful when exploitation their resources responsibly, in a sustainable way and at the same time residual donor expectations (which usually involve needing to see currency go directly to the beneficiaries when a ring of silver as well needs to go into operating expenses)(Managing in non profit organizations). In addition to this social workers similarly need to master other skill which a manager in a for-profit organization would probably never need.I do not believe that a social work manager would necessarily be better at this task as in my smell it would not really require skills specific to the social work profession but rather skills specific to financial management, public relations and marketing. textlist-item Non-profit organizations are also different to for-profit organizations in that instead of competing with other or ganizations that render similar services, it actually pays to cooperate with them. This is because a non-profit organizations place improves if ts clients are made independent of its services or if it has less customers than its contentedness limit. It also ensures better service to the client. Cooperation with similar organizations is a good way to achieve this (SCK 407-G Study Guide 131). A special skill required for the social work manager is that of the ability to network and form partnerships with other organizations. This holds the ability to influence these relationships for the organizations and clients benefits (Management in non-profit organizations). textlist-item Social work management also has the curious task of managing unpaid staff as in a non-profit organization, volunteers could sometimes out number paid staff. Volunteers need to be managed like any other human resource staffing readying, job descriptions, performance management and evaluation as well providi ng book awards and actions that could lead to the termination of services (non-profit specific management skills). In addition to this, a manager needs to manage volunteers and paid staff in such a way that ensures that all feel set and do equally.Social work management is also more effective in terms of this challenge as in addition to management skills which they ingest which earmark them to create suitable job descriptions, protrudening the roles of volunteers into the organizational structure and managing them with the same professionalism as other volunteers, they possess skills needed to understand human behaviour and what motivates people, and then exploitation this understanding to ensure motivation of volunteers as discussed in section 4. . 1. textlist-item In most cases, there is a great difference in the availability of engine room to assist in the accomplishment of organizational goals when one compares non-profit and for-profit organizations. In for-profit or ganizations, the application of technology is precise in its application and in non-profit organizations there is a wide surf of repartees to a limited number of techniques (case, group and association work).The technology used in social work is therefore very black and imprecise in comparison, make it difficult to predict results and link cause and effect in relation to technology used in social work (SCK 407-G study guide 132). The social work managers task is to understand the technology used in the profession and also develop means to use it the most effective and efficient ways possible minimizing its disadvantages and maximizing its benefits.The social work manager is also better suited to handle this challenge as the social work manager drips most of his or her time in professional development mastering the techniques mentioned above and so he or she is in the outstrip(p) position to understand them the most and thus use them most effectively. textlist-item Non-prof it organizations possess another unique trait in that the climate in which it operates is very a good deal emotionally charged and draining.Employees and volunteers very often become personally involved in what they do and their clients and although this sometimes does mean that they are highly motivated and committed to what the organization does, it also leaves them drained and sometimes traumatized by the situations that they encounter. This becomes a seek factor as it leaves employees demoralized and sometimes even desensitized by their experiences and their productivity decreases.Although workers at for-profit organizations experience some form of emotional di variant at their place of work, it is the disposition of this distress (usually stress related to the pace at which the organization moves and not the emotionally content of the work do) which makes it different to what is experienced at non-profit organizations It takes a wise and highly competent manager to negotia te this challenge in such a way that does not create a sterile and uncaring environment which at the same time does not create a space which leaves employees emotionally drained and exhausted.This, according to Jean Roberts requires an organizational commitment to reducing the possibility of find by allocating resources to the identification, analysis and prevention of essay and monitoring the cause and effects of this risk and managing it effectively (Added Human risk for non profit organizations). Social work managers are one time one time again better equipped at navigating these mixtures of situations because of their knowledge of and probably their experience with the disposition of the social work profession and the kinds of situations are encountered.A social work manager would need to combine the social work skills of empathy and the advanced skills with skills related specifically to management (creating structures and roles as well as allocating resources within the organization) to reduce the risk of this challenge without removing the personal nature of the work done in non-profit organizations. textlist-item Just as over more as management in for-profit organizations need a strong knowledge of the laws and policies influencing the nature of the services and products that are rovided to the public, so the management of the non-profit organization needs a strong knowledge of policies and order that relate specifically to the kinds of services rendered by the organization (child welfare laws, fundraising laws, laws relating to non-profit organizational management structure) as well as policies relating to employment of employees, human resources and income valuate laws (non profit specific management skills).In addition to this, non-profit organizations have an ethical right towards improving and changing legislation and policy to better meet the needs of the people it is supposed to help and serve (SCK411-C Study Guide 166). Board members and management need to have strong working knowledge of the various agencies and organizations that influence legislation as well as rules and regulations effecting government and private funding this is most decidedly a non-profit specific management skill (non profit management skills).Social work management is silk hat equipped for this unique attribute of the non-profit organization sector. Once again social workers are proficient in the knowledge of legislation and policy that specifically effects the profession and the organizations in which it operates.This puts social work management in the position it needs to be in to not only react to these policies by complying with them and making sure that the organization stays on the right side of the law, but it being on the forefront of service voice communication also discontinues it to be in the best position to make important recommendations to how policies and legislation can be changed for the betterment of the professi on and overall, to improve the lives of the people who make use of these services.CASE STUDY MANAGEMENT IN ONE WAY COMMUNITY go unity dash residential district Services is a section 21 company, non-profit organization, which focuses mainly on community development. It was started as the response of One bearing company church to the needs it saw within its topical anesthetic community the Vaal Triangle (which consists of avant-gardederbijlpark, Vereeniging, Sasolburg and the surrounding townships). (One way corporation Services Brochure).One track friendship Services was started 9 days ago and its emphasis is on community development, specifically in the focal points of children and human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. The organization is proudly South African and firmly believes in the purpose and say-so difference locked up in the lives of the people they work with (One Way Community Services Brochure). They have six core values which they gauge and incorporate into everything that they do and these are tyrannical love, compassion, faith, excellence, brightness and fun.Projects which are run by One Way Community Services include Ikageng Shelter for homeless boys, Khanya genus Khaya Home for abandoned girlfriends, One Way Early learning center, Breakfast club, Princess project, universal Hospital play time and once off community renovations (more information almost these projects can be found in the attached One Way Community Services Brochure). Currently, One way Community Services employs five full time staff members 2 full time volunteers. The management team consists of Ellouise Jansen wagon train Vuuren who is the managing director, as well as four other people from various spheres of the community (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). textlist-item I met with the managing director of One Way Community Services, Ellouise Jansen van Vuuren who is a qualified social worker who was trained at UNISA. Ellouise fits the description of social work manage ment as described in section 4 and that is why I decided to interview her for the purposes of this assignment. It is important to withdraw that while reading the findings of this case study that they represent the frame of reference (proposition 7 of the person centered approach) and perceptions (proposition 2 of the person centered approach) of Ellouise within the context of her organization (Grobler et al 2006 50 &69).I have however tried as far as possible to indicate contextual information as such as it could have an effect of my overall demonstration at the end of this assignment. textlist-item When asked where her organization would be without management, Ellouise simply responded, nowhere (Jansen caravan Vuuren 2010). When I asked her to elaborate she express that management literally makes the difference between life and death for any kind of organization, no matter if they were for-profit or non-profit.She also utter that the difference between a wondrous organization , a good organization and a great organization usually has very little to do with the type of service it renders but the quality of the management. She mentioned further that administration and management keep the wheels turning in her organization and that one could have all the best intentions and resources in the world but if management was not there to diffuse them, they would not be used to their fullest potential (effectively speaking effectively and efficiently)(Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. The benefits of castning Ellouise said that the management function of planning has helped her organization to increase its effectiveness and cleverness mostly in the area of how they use their finances. When it comes to government funding, the organization needs to submit a financial plan to the section of social development on how they plan on spending the coin that they need almost 6 months in advance. This not only helps them to identify the resources needed for the next ye ar but it also forces them to plan their activities and calendar a lintel of time too (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).This means that things no monthlong clear haphazardly, but intentionally as the organization deems necessary. This type of planning allows the organization to be purposeful round its priorities. The things that they say are important to them and are precession for them to do to fulfil their goals and objectives (as well as their mission and vision) can now happen according to a schedule which allows them to be as make growd as possible for these events this is because they know that they are coming and prepare adequately for them, and the more prepared they are, the more effective and efficient their services can be (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). . 1. 1. 2 The benefits of organizing Organizing by a manager at One Way Community Services involves run into with people from different departments, meeting with the management committal and the marketing team and transcription with them the different activities that need to be done and who needs to do them. Ellouise, who is the managing director, oversees the various areas within the organization and is constantly concerned with the large picture and how every department fits in with the others but leaves the smaller details and summations of running to each one department or project to the department or project heads.Each project head then has a team that works under them and so this ensures that Ellouise does organizing for the organization as a whole but each project has a team that organizes activities and responsibilities for that specific department or project (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). This ensures (as mentioned earlier), that Ellouise can focus on the large picture of the organization in that when she looks at the organization as a whole she makes sure that its meeting its mission and vision while projects and departments are making sure that they meet their own objectives (which contribute to the rganizations mission and vision). Organizing in One Way Community Services also has an added benefit of ensuring service effectiveness and efficiency and that is because when jobs, time, departments etc are organized, things stand a better gamble of actually being done. When things get done, service is delivered and when service is delivered in a certain way by certain people it is also easier to evaluate which means that it is easier to improve (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).Ensuring that everyone has a specific role and that departments and projects are well organized also ensures employee and volunteer security in that they know what is expected of them. Ellouise has found that people who are unsure of what is expected of them and how what they do fits into the bigger picture, are less motivated and productive than their counterparts who have a clear understanding of where they fit within the organization and a specific project (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. The benefits of t rip Activating in One Way Community Services takes place by the setting into motion of the plans, people and departments that have been organized. Having everybody actually performing the role that has been designate to them vastly increases the skill of the organization. Ellouise noted that when you give somebody a responsibility, you need to be serious about it because a lot of the time people are given responsibilities as a token measure but they do not really function in it.She mentioned a simplistic example of telling someone they were in charge of respond the phone , direct faxes and making photocopies if you are always answering the phone before that person and doing the faxing and photocopying yourself you are doing yourself, the organization and the employee or volunteer a disservice. For an organization to truly maximize its capacity and in doing so increasing its efficiency, you need to play people at their strengths and allow them do what they are supposed to do.S he said that if she was the only one doing the work in the organization, there would be no lead story or future planning or big picture call uping and the organization would be limited to only what she could do but when you start relying on other people to do what was planned to the capacity of the organization expands and you are able to do more (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). 5. 1. 1. 4 The benefits of control Control takes place in 3 key areas at One Way Community Services Finances, staff performance and project progress (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). pecuniary control takes place via auditing of the organizations books which takes place once a year, an accountant on the management team that does book keeping of the books once a month, quarterly expenditure reports, 6 monthly progress reports, all the money that enters and leaves the organization (even cash), must go through the back account and there are 2 signatories and passwords on the bank account (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). All of th ese measures project the organization from financial mismanagement and it enhances accountability and transparency.This improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization because these measures ensure that monetary resource are not easy to spend which means they are not easy to mismanage thus making them difficult to waste or spend unnecessarily. When financial resources are used optimally the effectiveness of the services provided by One way Community is increased and efficiency is improved (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Control of staff performance is maintained through 6 monthly appraisals and weekly staff meetings. Management also does its best to create climate of arrogance amoungst the staff so that it is easier to talk about things (Jansen Van Vuuren).These measures enhance accountability between staff members and management but they also allow for the improvement of performance by staff members. Receiving regular feedback at staff meetings and more in-depth, specific feedback at appraisals are done in a very constructive way which encourage the improvement of performance and the development of skills. When staff members pay back feedback in such a way that motivates them to improve themselves and how they do their work, effectiveness and efficiency of the organization improves (Jansen Van Vuuren).Measures that provide control for projects and different departments are department heads filling in quarterly reports which are submitted to the management team for review, strict policies regarding the spending of money and accountability measures which put project leaders directly responsible for money washed-out as well as objectives for each department and project which are driven before hand against which projects are evaluated. These provide a guideline for project leaders and department heads to keep track of their own performance and they know against what criteria they will be evaluated in the future (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).These measures provide both a yardstick for success as well as a means of using that yardstick. When projects and departments know how they measure success they can not only streamline their activities to meet their goals but they also have a means of evaluating their success and determining where to make changes if they are necessary. all form of evaluation and positive change as a result can only hold positive results for the quality of the services rendered by the organization as activities that are evaluated and adjusted constantly, improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of those services (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). textlist-item I will now discuss how Ellouise being a social worker in a management position improves the effectiveness and efficiency of social welfare services rendered at One Way Community Services. At the tone-beginning of our interview, I asked Ellouise if she felt that as a qualified social worker in a management position she had an advantage when it came to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of services rendered at One way Community Services, her reply was definitely, (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).When asked to explain why she thinks so she said that she had previously been involved in the management committee of another non profit organization and being the only social worker, she noticed that although her colleges had the best of intentions, their lack of understanding of the context of community development and how to properly identify needs, a lot of the time lead to money being put into projects which were nice thoughts, but made no real difference to the root causes of poverty or the real needs experienced by the people.Basically money gets wasted on good ideas when people do not have a proper understanding of the theory behind the profession. She went further to say that she wondered how much financial resource had been put into projects that made no real difference in the lives of people they were intended to reach and what kind of a country we would be backing in today if management of some non profit organizations had some form of social work prepare (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).I will now explain the specific experiences One Way Community services has had with the unique challenges facing non-profit and welfare organizations (as mentioned in section 4. 1) and if social work management has been able to assist the organization in improving its effectiveness and efficiency as a result. textlist-item Ellouise agreed that the absence of the profit motive existed in non-profit organizations. The staff at One way Community Services are not motivated by corporate money or the ladder or promotion and success but she knows that every person does need money to survive (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).At One Way Community services, management uses principles of the person centred approach like self determination (proposition 4) (which Ellouise learned as part of her social work training) to handle problems that arise as a result of the absence of large salaries etc. They do not beg anyone to stay and freely allow any employee to leave the organization is not serving their needs. They also do their best to hire the right people for the job people who are motivated by the desire to help others. This eliminates a lot of problems that can occur later.The organization also tries to keep their staff motivated by regular team building, staff meetings, socials and one on one chats between employees and management (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). I can see that Ellouise as the managing director has used a lot of the person centred theory she learnt as a social worker in the interaction with her staff, she however, doesnt seem to think that her social work training has left her in a much better position than someone in management who has not had training in the field of social work (Jansen van Vuuren). 5. 1. 2. 2 The absence of the profit measureThe lack of profit measure has proved a challenge for One Way Community Servi ces management because outcomes of the services that they deliver can be very vague to quantify at times (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Ellouises training as a social worker has however put her in a position where is better able to identify guidelines and objectives for development projects and departments that fit in with the theory that she learnt as part of her training which in turn fit in with development standards like empowerment of participants and supporting(a) independence in the organizations clients.Objectives for the boys shelter and girls home for example include reunifications with families because the organization understands the importance of releasing people to independence rather than dependence on the organization. Ellouise has also promoted the importance of sustainability within the organization which is also something she learnt to be important during her studies (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010). In this instance, it is clear how social work training can be used by manage ment to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of social welfare services within an organization. textlist-item The sources of financial support at One Way Community Services include grants from government, donations from members of the public and cash in hand raised by the newly established marketing team (Jansen van Vuuren 2010). Ellouise said that her specific training for social work didnt really help her in these areas. She agrees that it is a unique challenge that management in for-profit organizations would not have to face and that she would probably not have been trained in fundraising if she studied a management degree.She said that perhaps social worker students from other institutions received more input on how to raise funds and work with government funding but she did not feel that she did. She did mention that just being exposed to the social welfare context as a student whitethorn have helped her a little twat but she did not feel that as a social worker she had any real advantage over a manager without her training in social work and that she had to stumble around blindly for a while before she got her bearings and evaluate out how to go about things (Jansen van Vuuren 2010).I believe that the problem in this instance is not necessarily with social work management in itself but rather the training Ellouise received as a social worker. If I look at this case study in isolation, taking no other testify from other organizations into account, I would have to say that social work management has not been able to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the social welfare services of One Way Community Services in this specific situation. textlist-item One Way Community Services has a lot of relationships and networks with other organizations like the Vaal Alliance for channel Children, Over the Wall and One life history (to name a few). Ellouise says that networks play a big part in what they do and that they assist the organization greatl y in the accumulation of financial, support and knowledge resources (Jansen Van Vuuren 2010).Once again Ellouise said that her training as a social worker didnt necessarily prepare her for quislingism and that a lot of what she learnt about how to go about it and who to collaborate with, she learnt as she went along. She mentioned that in her specific case, what was emphasised more during her training was the specific approaches that must be followed and not really the day to day running life of organizations. She mentioned that her practical placements helped to prepare her a lot but in